From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: Ground Loops Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2015 15:14:02 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0DE7F.829ACBA0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0DE7F.829ACBA0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.douglas-self.com/ampins/groundloops/grndloop.htm =EF=BB=BF Ground Loops=20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20
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Ground = Loops.

 =20

Updated: 9 Oct=20 2001
=20

Ground loops: how they work and how to deal with them.

A ground-loop is created whenever two or more pieces of mains-powered = equipment are connected together, so that mains-derived AC flows through = shields=20 and ground conductors, degrading the noise floor of the system. The = effect is=20 worst when two or more units are connected through mains ground as well = as audio=20 cabling, and this situation is what is normally meant by the term = "ground-loop".=20 However, ground currents can also flow in systems that are not = galvanically=20 grounded; they are of lower magnitude but can still degrade the noise = floor, so=20 this scenario is also considered here.
The ground currents may either = be=20 inherent in the mains supply wiring (see "1: Mains grounding currents") = or=20 generated by one or more of the pieces of equipment that make up the = audio=20 system.(see "2: Transformer stray magnetic fields" and "3: Transformer = stray=20 capacitance")
Once flowing in the ground wiring, these currents will = give=20 rise to voltage-drops that introduce hum and buzzing noises. This may = occur=20 either in the audio interconnects, or inside the equipment itself if it = is not=20 well-designed. See Section 4.=20

Here I have used the word "ground" for conductors and so on, while = "earth" is=20 reserved for the damp crumbly stuff into which copper rods are thrust. =

HUM INJECTION BY MAINS GROUNDING CURRENTS.
Fig = 1 shows=20 what happens when a so-called "technical ground" like a buried copper = rod is=20 attached to a grounding system which is already connected to "mains = ground" at=20 the power distribution board. The latter is mandatory both legally and=20 technically, so one might as well accept this and denote as the = reference=20 ground. In many cases this "mains ground" is actually the neutral = conductor,=20 which is only grounded at the remote transformer substation. AB is the = cable=20 from substation to consumer, which serves many houses from connections = tapped=20 off along its length. There is substantial current flowing down the N+E=20 conductor, so point B is often 1 Volts rms or more above earth. From B = onwards,=20 in the internal house wiring, neutral and ground are always separate. = (In the=20 UK, anyway)

=20

Two pieces of audio equipment are connected to = this mains=20 wiring at C and D, and joined to each other through an unbalanced cable = F-G.=20 Then an ill-advised connection is made to earth at D; the 1V rms is now=20 impressed on the path B-C-D, and substantial current is likely to flow = through=20 it, depending on the total resistance of this path. There will be a = voltage-drop=20 from C to D, its magnitude depending on what fraction of the total BCDE=20 resistance is made up by the section C-D. The earth wire C-D will be of = at least=20 1.5 sqmm cross-section, and so the extra connection FG down the audio = cable is=20 unlikely to reduce the intefering voltage much.
To get a feel for the = magnitudes involved, take a plausible ground current of 1 Amp. The 1.5 = sqmm=20 ground conductor will have a resistance of 0.012 Ohms/metre, so if the = mains=20 sockets at C and D are one metre apart, the voltage C-D will be 12 mV = rms.=20 Almost all of this will appear between F and G, and will be = indistinguishable=20 from wanted signal to the input stage of Unit 2, so the hum will be = severe,=20 probably only 30 dB below the nominal signal level.

The best way to solve this problem is not to = create it in=20 the first place. If some ground current is unavoidable then the use of = balanced=20 inputs (or ground-cancel outputs- it is not necessary to use both) = should give=20 at least 40 dB of rejection at audio frequencies.

Fig 1 also shows a third earthing point, which = fortunately=20 does not complicate situation. Metal water pipes are bonded to the = incoming=20 mains ground for safety reasons, and since they are usually electrically = connected to an incoming water supply current flows through B-W in the = same way=20 as it does through the copper rod link D-E. This water-pipe current does = not=20 however flow through C-D and cannot cause a ground-loop problem. It may = however=20 cause the pipes to generate an AC magnetic field which is picked up by = other=20 wiring.

HUM INJECTION BY TRANSFORMER STRAY FIELDS.
Fig 2 = shows a=20 thoroughly bad piece of physical layout which will cause ground currents = to flow=20 even if the system is correctly grounded to just one point.

=20

Here Unit 1 has an external DC power-supply; this = makes it=20 possible to use an inexpensive frame-type transformer which will have a = large=20 stray field. But... note that the wire in the PSU which connects mains = ground to=20 the outgoing 0V takes a half-turn around the transformer, and = significant=20 current will be induced into it, which will flow round the loop C-F-G-D, = and=20 give an unwanted voltage-drop between F and G. In this case reinforcing = the=20 ground of the audio interconnection is likely to be of some help, as it = directly=20 reduces the fraction of the total loop voltage which is dropped between = F and=20 G.
It is difficult to put any magnitudes to this effect because it = depends on=20 many imponderables such as the build quality of the transformer and the = exact=20 physical arrangement of the ground cable in the PSU. If this cable is = rerouted=20 to the dotted position in the diagram, the transformer is no longer = enclosed in=20 a half-turn, and the effect will be much smaller.

HUM INJECTION BY TRANSFORMER STRAY CAPACITANCE.
It = seems at=20 first sight that the adoption of Class-II (double-insulated) equipment=20 throughout an audio system will give inherent immunity to ground-loop = problems.=20 Life is not so simple, though it has to be said that when such problems = do occur=20 they are likely to be much less severe.
This problem afflicts all = Class-II=20 equipment to a certain extent.

=20

Fig 3 shows two Class-II units connected together by = an=20 unbalanced audio cable. The two mains transformers in the units have = stray=20 capacitance from both live and neutral to the secondary. If these = capacitances=20 were all identical no current would flow, but in practice they are not, = so 50 Hz=20 currents are injected into the internal 0V rail and flow through the = resistance=20 of F-G, adding hum to the signal.
A balanced input or = ground-cancelling=20 output will remove or render negligible the ill-effects. Reducing the = resistance=20 of the interconnect ground path is also useful- more so than with other = types of=20 ground loop, because the ground current is essentially fixed by the = small stray=20 capacitances, and so halving the resistance F-G will dependably halve = the=20 interfering voltage. There are limits to how far you can take this- = while a=20 simple balanced input will give 40dB of rejection at low cost, = increasing the=20 cross-sectional area of copper in the ground of an audio cable by a = factor of=20 100 times is not going to be either easy or cheap.
Fig 3 shows = equipment with=20 metal chassis connected to the 0V; (this is quite acceptable for safety=20 approvals- what counts is the isolation between mains and everything = else, not=20 between low-voltage circuitry and touchable metalwork) note the chassis=20 connection however has no relevance to the basic effect, which would = still occur=20 even if the equipment enclosure was completely non-conducting.

The magnitude of ground current varies with the = details of=20 transformer construction, and increases as the size of the transformer = grows.=20 Therefore the more power a unit draws, the larger the ground current it = can=20 sustain. This is why many systems are subjectively hum-free until the = connection=20 of a powered subwoofer, which is likely to have a larger transformer = than other=20 components of the system.

Equipment type
Power consumption Ground current=20
Turntable, CD, cassette deck 20W or less 5 uA=20
Tuners, amplifiers, small TVs 20-100W 100 uA=20
Big amplifiers, subwoofers, large TVs More than 100W 1mA

GROUND CURRENTS INSIDE EQUIPMENT.
Once ground = currents=20 have been set flowing, they can degrade system performance in two = locations:=20 outside the system units, by flowing in the interconnect grounds, or = inside the=20 units, by flowing through internal PCB tracks, etc. The first problem = can dealt=20 with effectively by the use of balanced inputs, but the internal effects = of=20 ground currents can be much more severe if the equipment is poorly = designed.=20

=20

Fig 4 shows the situation. There is, for whatever = reason,=20 ground current flowing through the ground conductor CD, causing an = interfering=20 current to flow round the loop CFGD as before. Now, however, the = internal design=20 of Unit 2 is such that the ground current flowing through FG also flows = through=20 G-G' before it encounters the ground wire going to point D. G-G' is = almost=20 certain to be a PCB track with higher resistance than any of the = cabling, and so=20 the voltage drop across it can be relatively large, and the hum = performance=20 correspondingly poor. Exactly similiar effects can occur at signal = outputs; in=20 this case the ground current is flowing through F-F'.
Balanced inputs = will=20 have no effect on this; they can cancel out the voltage-drop along F-G, = but if=20 internal hum is introduced further down the internal signal path, there = is=20 nothing they can do about it.

=20

The correct method of handling this is shown in = Fig 5. The=20 connection to mains ground is made right where the signal grounds leave = and=20 enter the units, and are made as solidly as possible. The ground current = no=20 longer flows through the internal circuitry. It does however still flow = through=20 the interconnection at FG, so either a balanced input or a = ground-cancelling=20 output will be required to deal with this.

BALANCED MAINS POWER.
There has been speculation = in recent=20 times as to whether a balanced mains supply is a good idea. This means = that=20 instead of Live and Neutral (230V and 0V) you have Live and The Other = Live=20 (115V-0-115V) created by a centre-tapped transformer with the tap = connected to=20 Neutral. See Fig 6 below.

=20

It has been suggested that balanced mains has = miraculous=20 effects on sound quality, makes the sound-stage ten-dimensional, = etc,etc. This=20 is obviously rubbish. If a piece of gear is that fussy about its mains = (and I=20 don't believe any such gear exists) then drop it in the river.

If there is severe RFI on the mains, an extra = transformer in=20 the path may tend to filter it out. However, a proper mains RFI filter = will=20 almost certainly be more effective- it is designed for the job, after = all- and=20 will definitely be much cheaper.

Where you might gain a real benefit is in a Class-II = (ie=20 double-insulated) system with very feeble ground connections. Balanced = mains=20 would tend to cancel out the ground-currents caused by transformer = capacitance=20 (see Fig 3 and above for more details on this) and so reduce hum. The=20 effectiveness of this will depend on C1 being equal to C2 in Fig 6 = above, which=20 is determined by the details of transformer construction in the unit = being=20 powered. I think that the effect would be small with well-designed = equipment and=20 reasonably heavy ground conductors in interconnects. Balanced audio = connections=20 are a much cheaper and better way of handling this problem, but if none = of the=20 equipment has them then beefing up the ground conductors should give an=20 improvement. If the results are not good enough then as a last resort, = balanced=20 mains may be worth considering.

Finally, bear in mind that any transformer you add = must be able=20 to handle the maximum power drawn by the audio system at full throttle. = This can=20 mean a large and expensive component.

I wouldn't be certain about the whole of Europe, but = to the=20 best of my knowledge it's the same as the UK, ie not balanced. The = Neutral line=20 is at earth potential, give or take a Volt, and the Live is 230V above = this. The=20 3-phase 11kV distribution to substations is often described as = "balanced" but=20 this just means that the power delivered by each phase is kept as near = equal as=20 possible for the most efficient use of the cables.

It has often occurred to me that balanced mains = 115V-0-115V=20 would be a lot safer. Since I am one of those people that put their = hands inside=20 live equipment a lot, I do have a kind of personal interest here...

Words=3D 2087

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