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DIY MIDI controllers
using PIC microcontrollers and Basic = Stamps

Ross Bencina
home=20 page email
Page last updated 6 June 2007

3D"AudioMulch
=20 =20

Introduction

By combining a PIC microcontroller or Basic Stamp II with a few = passive components it is not difficult to construct your own knob box, trigger = box, or=20 other MIDI input device. A knowledge of electronics may be required for=20 interfacing to some sensors. Both the Stamp and PIC provide an = economical (under=20 US$100) entry point into the world of alternative MIDI controllers.

This page was created to provide a starting point for people = interested in=20 building their own MIDI control devices using Microchip PIC = microcontrollers or=20 Parallax Basic Stamps. If you have any comments or suggestions please = feel free=20 to email me.

Basic Stamps and PICs


A Basic Stamp consists of a tiny circuit board on which is soldered a PIC = CPU, a=20 timing crystal, and some EEPROM memory for program storage. It provides = 16=20 bidirectional data (digital input/output) pins, which can be interfaced = to=20 potentiometers, a simple MIDI output circuit, A/D converters, etc. As = its name=20 suggests the Basic Stamp executes code written in BASIC, which is = downloaded=20 onto the stamp using a serial interface. Parallax, Inc. manufacture a = number of=20 different Basic Stamp models, the Basic Stamp II and IIsx are generally=20 considered fast enough for MIDI transmission applications, but neither = supports=20 MIDI input satisfactorily.


Microchip Technology Inc. = manufacture a=20 large range of PIC microcontrollers. For small projects the PIC16F84 is = a common=20 choice as it is cheap and uses reprogrammable flash ROM for program = storage. The=20 PIC16F84 chip contains 1k words of program flash ROM, 68 bytes of RAM = and 64=20 bytes of EEPROM for persistent data storage. The PIC16F84 has 13 = bidirectional=20 data pins which can be used in a similar fashion to those on the Basic = Stamp. PIC chips are programmed in assembly language which is then stored onto = the=20 chip using a special programmer. For PC users a parallel port based = programmer=20 for the PIC16F84 can be built for around $30. Both Microchip and = Parallax distribute free PIC assembler software for the PC.

The general opinion is that the Basic Stamp II is a better starting = point for=20 people with little or no programming or electronics experience, as using = a PIC directly requires you to learn PIC assembly language which can be = tedious if=20 you're not into that kind of thing. If you're a programmer or you're = looking at=20 using more than one unit the PIC16F84 is good choice as it's cheap and = can often=20 be made to do things faster than the Basic Stamp. You can assemble a = programmer,=20 a few PIC chips and some power supply circuitry for less than the cost = of a=20 Basic Stamp II.

See Peter H. Anderson's article Working=20 with Stamps and PICs for an extensive discussion of the relative = merits=20 of PICs and Basic Stamps.

Interfacing to MIDI

For both the Basic Stamp II and medium range PIC chips, MIDI (i.e. = serial)=20 output is implemented in software by manipulating the state of a data = pin. On=20 the Basic Stamp this is achieved using the SEROUT command, on the PIC = you have=20 to roll your own MIDI output routine - this can be tricky as the serial = timing=20 is determined by the number of instructions executed and the clock speed = of the=20 PIC, however there are plety of examples available on the web to get you = started.

Neither the medium range PICs (such as the PIC16F84) nor the Basic = Stamp (any=20 model) are particularly suited to simultaneous MIDI reception and = transmision as=20 they do not support buffered serial communications. On the Basic Stamp = II, any=20 MIDI coming in while the Stamp is processing will be lost. On a PIC, = code must=20 be carefully designed to interleave serial reads and other processing at = the sub-MIDI bit level to avoid loss of data.

MIDI input without output is possible on a PIC, but is not described = here -=20 see the links section for some examples. Implementing simultaneous MIDI = in and=20 out, or soft thru / merge is impossible using a Basic Stamp II. It is = difficult=20 to implement on the PIC16F84 and leaves little room for other processing = to be=20 performed. A suggested solution is to use two PICs - one for input and = one for=20 output, or to use a more expensive PIC such as the PIC16C7x which has an = on-chip UART.

MIDI output

Wiring up a PIC or Basic Stamp for MIDI output couldn't be simpler: =

  • Connect pin 4 of the MIDI connector to the desired output pin of = the PIC=20 or Basic Stamp via a 220 Ohm resistor
  • Connect pin 5 of the MIDI connector to the +5V via a 220 Ohm = resistor=20
  • Connect pin 2 of the MIDI connector to ground

=20

Important Note! A couple of people have written to me = suggesting that=20 the pins 4 and 5 on the MIDI output wiring diagram are reversed. I = havn't=20 verified whether this is true or not. You may need to experiment by = swapping the=20 connections if it doesn't work.

See either David B. Thomas' MIDI Sender (Parallax = assembler) or my midisend = (Microchip=20 assember) progam for an example of sending MIDI using a PIC chip. For = the Basic=20 Stamp II see Jeff Mann's MIDI=20 out program for BASIC Stamp II.

If you're looking for information about MIDI, visit The=20 MIDI Technical Fanatic's Brainwashing Center. The MIDI=20 electrical specification diagram along with other useful information = is=20 available from the MIDI Manufacturers = Association=20 website.

Interfacing to variable resistances

Although this section discusses potentiometers (as used with Knobs, = Faders=20 and Joysticks), the information can also be appied to other variable = resistance=20 devices such as Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) or Forces Sensing = Resistors=20 (FSRs).

The dual input / output nature of PIC and Basic Stamp data pins = allows a=20 simple circuit to be constructed that can measure the value of a = potentiometer.=20 There are two different circuits commonly used for performing this = measurement:=20 the first was used in conjunction with the Basic Stamp I POT command and = is=20 useful on the PIC as source code to drive it is freely available (this = is the version described below). The Basic Stamp II replaced the POT command = with the=20 RCTIME command which requires a different circuit - see the Stamp II = manual for=20 details or John Radenberg's Basic Stamp DIY knob = box=20 page for a functioning example.

The POT method

A measurement is made by first charging the capacitor (making the = data pin=20 output a high), then setting the pin to input and slowly discharging it = (by=20 toggling the pin between input and output). The time taken for the pin = to go low=20 corresponds to the time it takes for the capacitor to discharge which is = related=20 to the resistance of the potentiometer.

=20

The Basic Stamp I POT command performs the above process and returns = a scaled=20 output value. See Scot=20 Edwards' Parallax assembler version of the POT command in The PIC = Source=20 Book for an example of using the above circuit with a PIC chip. =

On a 10Mhz PIC16F84 the above circuit takes 6ms to charge and at = maximum=20 resistance takes 138 counts ( 0.5ms ) to decay. An advantage of the PIC = over the=20 Basic Stamp when multiple pots are used is that all RC circuits can be = charged=20 at once, providing a significant speed increase over sequentially = charging and=20 discharging each circuit.

Interfacing to piezo-electric transducers

In the February 1998 issue (vol. 27, no. 3) of Electronics=20 Today International, an article by Tom Scarff entitled MIDI Drum = Pads describes the construction of an 8 input piezo trigger to MIDI unit = based on a=20 PIC16C84 microcontroller. The unit generates MIDI messages when the = triggers are=20 struck, no velocity information is measured however. Tom's article including source code and schematics is available = online.

=20

The circuit above illustrates the interface between a piezo = transducer and a=20 PIC data pin. When the transducer (or a surface to which the transducer = is=20 attatched) is struck, a voltage is generated which may be detected at = the data=20 pin. Suitable software would scan the data pin(s) and transmit a MIDI = message=20 when a high (1) logic state is detected.

PAiA have some more complex schematics=20 for interfacing percussion sensors.

Further directions

The web contains many examples of interfacing PICs, Basic Stamps and = other=20 microcontrollers to switches, A/D converters and other devices that may = be=20 usefully employed to construct interesting MIDI controllers. Dan = O'Sullivan's Physi= cal=20 Computing Page is a great source of information about mediating = between the=20 physical and digital worlds.

By combining an A/D converter and a multiplexer chip a MIDI = controller with=20 increased resolution, faster update time and a large number of pots, = sensors or=20 other input devices could easily be constructed. For the more = adventurous,=20 Microchip manufactures more complex PICs supporting faster clock speeds, = on-chip=20 A/D converters, timers and serial interfaces.

PIC and Basic Stamp MIDI links

Some of the links below are no longer valid - if you know of the new = location=20 of any of these pages, please let me know so I can update the links. If = you want=20 to access the content of a broken link, try the wayback=20 machine - just enter the URL of the document which wasn't there and = the=20 wayback machine will retrieve an archived version.

MIDI output

MIDI input

Other

General PIC links

The manufacturer of PIC chips Microchip=20 Technology Inc. maintains a large website providing technical = information,=20 application notes and free development software for the PC. Parallax,=20 Inc. maker of Basic Stamps provide mailing lists for PIC and Stamp developers and also have free development software available online. =

Peter H. Anderson teaches PIC and Basic Stamp programming, his Embedded=20 Processor Control web site is a goldmine of projects, kits and other = useful=20 information. If you only look at one other site, make it this one.

Dontronics sell various = PIC related=20 products including the SimmStick development platform. Don maintains a = great set=20 of PIC links and resources, and also hosts an online version of Scot = Edwards'=20 The PIC Source = Book=20 which contains assembly language versions of the Basic Stamp instruction = set -=20 very useful!

Based in the United Kingdom, Russell Warburton's Warburton=20 Technology specialises in the distribution of Parallax Basic Stamps = and=20 other microcontroller based products and development tools.

Many companies manufacture PIC programmers, most designed to work = with the=20 more expensive PIC chips. There are many DIY PIC programmer cicuits on = the web,=20 especially for the cheaper PICs such as the PIC16F84. I use a programmer = based=20 on Michael Covington's eminently affordable No=20 Parts PIC Programmer which can be purchased as a kit from Oatly=20 Electronics.

If you've decided to get involved in PIC development consider the PICList,=20 a high-traffic mailing list which provides a supportive environment for=20 discussing PIC software and hardware development.

There's so much general information on the web about using PICs and = Basic=20 Stamps that your next stop should be a search engine - I use Google.=20

Reader's comments

Jose Souto wrote to let me know that:

"There are a number of free C compilers for PIC and I'm = very=20 satisfied with the CC5xFree from http://www.bknd.com/. With this = compiler=20 fully integrated with MPLAB from Microchip, people willing to use PIC = don't=20 need to rely on Assembly to write code for MIDI.
Last year I = wrote a=20 small C snippet to read MIDI with a PIC12C508 using a bit bang C code = written=20 with CC5xFree. This is from my experience in writing a full MIDI = receiver for=20 a customer. I posted it at the PicList "

Peter M Olsen wrote to me about the Picaxe which can be programmed in = BASIC:

"Have you looked at the Picaxe? (http://www.picaxe.co.uk/). I've been using them for about 6 months now and as far as I am = concerned they=20 leave the Basic Stamp for dead! They are basically a Microchip PIC = with a=20 bootstrap loader. I'd love to get one working with MIDI." =

Acknowledgements

Thanks to:
John Radenberg of Basic=20 Stamp DIY knob box page fame, who introduced me to many of the ideas = on this=20 page.
Jim Sosnin whose work with PICs and MIDI gave me the confidence = to=20 attempt constructing my own circuits.
Jeff Mann for numerous = suggestions and=20 corrections.

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