Leach Amp Plans

From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: Leach Amp Plans - Part 1 Date: Thu, 6 Mar 2014 11:26:16 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CF392E.E3406200" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CF392E.E3406200 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~mleach/lowtim/ =20 =20 =20 Leach Amp Plans - Part 1=20 = =20 =20

3D"The

W. Marshall Leach, Jr., Professor
Georgia Institute = of=20 Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Atlanta, = Georgia=20 30332-0250
Copyright 2000. All rights reserved.

Click her= e to=20 download an LTSpice file for the amplifier. It was developed by Valerio=20 Maglietta who generously shared it with me.

=20 Warning to amplifier builders! Dated 08/14/06. One amplifier builder = found=20 that the 2N5416 PNP transistors that he purchased were NPN. I have = tested them=20 and verified this. Two of the transistors are shown in the linked photo. = They=20 are identified by the letters ON surrounded by a circle, signifying they = are=20 products of ON Semiconductor. You can check for a transistor type as = follows:=20 Connect an ohmmeter from base to emitter. You should get a low = resistance with=20 the positive lead to the base if it is NPN, otherwise it is PNP. With = the=20 ohmmeter connected from base to collector, you should get the same = result.=20 Repeat the tests with the negative lead connected to the base. The = resistances=20 should be reversed. You should get an open circuit from collector to = emitter=20 with both polarities of the ohmmeter. Defective transistors usually can = be=20 determined with these tests. The transistors should be removed from the = circuit=20 for the most reliable results. I have later found that these transistors = could=20 be counterfit units made by another company and labeled with the ON=20 Semiconductor name.

PDF = of=20 Overall Circuit Diagram

Photograph=20 of assembled circuit board.

Backgrou= nd

The = Cascode=20 Diff Amp Input Stage

The = Second=20 Stage

The = Output=20 Stage

The = Feedback=20 Network

The = Protection=20 Circuit

The = Power=20 Supply

Constructi= on=20 Details

Parts = List=20 and List of Suppliers

Cli= pping=20 Indicator - Several students who have built the amplifier wanted to = add a=20 clipping indicator. I found this circuit in my filing cabinet. It was = given to=20 me many years ago. I understand that it was described in an article by = Chris=20 Russell in Issue 3 of The Audio Amateur in 1975. We changed some = of the=20 resistor values and it seems to work quite well with the amplifier. The = two 12=20 kohm resistors can be changed to vary its sensitivity.

Frequently=20 Asked Questions

Component Change: R37 through R40 - 680 ohm (changed from 470 = on=20 4/4/2). This change makes the protection circuit less sensitive so that = the=20 amplifier can drive more current into lower impedance loads. I made this = change=20 after a correspondent told me that he built the amp to use with his home = built=20 electrostatic speakers which have a very low impedance. He said the amp = sounded=20 distorted. He removed the protection circuit and that solved the = problem. He=20 said that he has had no problems with the amp with the protection = circuit=20 removed. My original amp had no protection circuit, and I never had any = problems=20 with it.

PDF=20 of Circuit board foil pattern and template for drilling heat sinks. = The=20 circuit board measures 4 inches by 4.4 inches. There are layouts for = both the=20 solder and the component sides of the board. The template for drilling = the heat=20 sinks has the holes marked for the power transistors and the bias = diodes. You=20 must verify that the layout and template print to the correct size! = You do=20 this by verifying that the line at the bottom of the page measures six = inches.=20 If it doesn't, you will have to change the print settings for the Adobe = reader.=20 Do not use the board layout or heat sink drill template if it doesn't = print to=20 the correct size! Thanks to Damir Arbula for cleaning up some printer = artifacts=20 that were on my original layout and making the layout for the circuit = side of=20 the board.

Layout= of=20 parts on the circuit board with the copper traces beneath the board = shown.

Layout= of=20 parts on the circuit board with the copper traces beneath the board not=20 shown.

Color=20 layout of parts on the circuit board with the copper traces beneath = the=20 board shown. Thanks to amplifier builder Todd Johnson for this!

I used a DOS program called Tango to lay out the amplifier circuit = board. The=20 Tango layout and the Gerber files it created are in this= =20 zipped folder. Click on the link and save the folder to your = computer. I=20 intend to check to see if all of the files are in the directory and add = any=20 missing ones, provided I can find them.

Here is a Power= point=20 Slide Show sent to me by Bradley Koeppel and Jeff Stout. Bradley is = an EE=20 and Jeff is a ME. It shows the constuction of two 5 channel amplifiers, = which=20 they built. These are some of the best looking amplifiers I have seen. = Here=20 is a picture of the finished front panel of Bradley's amplifier.

Parts = Sources=20 and Prices Prepared by Students I am sure many of these prices are = out of=20 date. For example, MCM has almost tripled the price for their = transistors.

View a picture of student Allen Robinson's amplifier here.

View a picture of student Dan Leverett's amplifier here.

John Mitchell received his amplifier circuit boards in September = 2004. In=20 April 2005, he sent me pictures of his work in progress. He said that it = was his=20 first electronics project and is a lot of work. He is building his = amplifier on=20 aluminum plates and installing it inside a commercial chassis. You can = see=20 pictures of his amplifier here.

View an amplifier concept designed by Carl-Fredrik Gustavsen = here.

De= rek=20 Beamer's Amplifier Page. Derek is in the Toronto area.

Klas Malman's Amplifier = Page.=20 Klas lives in Sweden.

The Double = Barreled=20 Amplifier Page

Greg's Download Page - A = wealth of=20 free software for electronics projects.

I have circuit boards for the amplifier which are fabricated by a = local PC=20 board manufacturer. They are pre-drilled for the correct wire sizes and = have a=20 solder mask to prevent solder bridges between traces. These are Vers. = 4.5 boards=20 which have the hole spacings between two resistors increased by 0.1 inch = compared to the Vers. 4.4 boards. If you wish information on these, I = can be=20 contacted at

Please put "Low-TIM PCB" in the subject header of any email that you = send to=20 me. I get so many spam emails and emails from our school that sometimes = I just=20 don't see inquiries about amplifier circuit boards before my email gets = deleted.=20 I apologize if any of your inquiries do not get answered on time.

I do not recommend that you make the circuit boards unless you have=20 experience in doing it. A source of materials for making your own = printed=20 circuits can be found here. I = have been=20 told that their "Press and Peel Blue" product (not the wet stuff they = sell) can=20 be used to successfully make boards with traces as narrow as 0.01 inch. = The=20 smallest traces on the amplifier layout are 0.03 inch wide. The PnP Blue = product=20 is basically a transfer medium that allows you to transfer the toner = image from=20 a laser printer directly onto bare copper clad board and then etch it = with=20 FeCl₃ (ferric chloride). This is nasty stuff and it should = not be=20 disposed of in your drain.

After you etch the board, the copper should be cleaned with steel = wool,=20 lightly coated with solder flux, and then "tinned" with a soldering iron = and=20 rosin core solder. Do not use a commercial tinning solution that you dip = the=20 board into. It is almost impossible to solder a board that is tinned = with one of=20 these products because they corrode very quickly. When you drill the = board, you=20 should use the correct size drill bit for the pads. The hole diameters = on my=20 boards are: small pads - 0.032 inch, medium pads - 0.040 inch, large = pads -=20 0.059 inch, mounting holes - 0.125 inch. If you do not use a sharp drill = bit,=20 you can pull the pads off the board when you drill it.

LSR&D = and=20 Electronics One amplifier circuit diagrams.=20

Home

This page is not a publication of the Georgia Institute of=20 Technology and the Georgia Institute of Technology has not edited or = examined=20 the content. The author of this page is solely responsible for the=20 content.

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