The Tube CAD Journal, Electrostatic Headphones Amps -Part 2-pg = 5

From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: The Tube CAD Journal, Electrostatic Headphones Amps -Part 2-pg 5 Date: Wed, 8 Apr 2015 09:55:16 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_004D_01D071E2.1DAA9310" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_004D_01D071E2.1DAA9310 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.tubecad.com/Classic_Articles/page6.html =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 The Tube CAD Journal, Electrostatic Headphones Amps -Part 2-pg = 5=20 =20 =20

=20


	Fig. 4.=20 Intermodulation distortion, using several test frequencies = with a=20 constant ratio of 4:1.


	at least up to 20 watts output. This factor = possibly=20 accounts for the superlative listening quality of the=20 amplifier. Undistorted power, less than 2 = percent=20 IM, is in excess of 20 watts. This power is delivered = undistorted=20 within 1 db over the range from 20 to 20,000 cps. This power = curve=20 (Fig. 5) is not a response curve run at high power level. = Instead=20 it represents clean power available at these frequencies. = This is=20 particularly important with today's program sources. The = dynamic=20 range of some of the best LP's is reputed to be in = excess of 100=20 db. It is necessary to have power to handle this range, and = this=20 power is required over a wide frequency band. New standards = of audio=20 fidelity are rapidly making obsolete the five or ten watt = amplifier=20 which cannot even deliver its rated power at frequency = extremes. =20 Another factor of considerable importance in evaluating = amplifier=20 performance cannot be seen from the curves. This is = overload=20 characteristic. The amplifier has been given listening tests = under=20 overload conditions with a pad on the output so as not to = deafen the=20 participants. Peaks which would require a 40 watt amplifier = are=20 transmitted without irritation even though the output can = be seen=20 to clip on the 'scope. The overload recovery is rapid and = has no=20 noticeable hangover, so a clipped peak has no time to = =20


	penetrate the ear. Some amplifiers break up on a = peak, and=20 for seconds thereafter the sound is distorted badly because = of poor=20 recovery. In the ultra-linear amplifier transient = instability has=20 been eliminated changes in amplifier characteristics caused = by=20 overload do not make the circuit unstable; and, therefore. = recovery=20 is almost instantaneous. Most feedback amplifiers fail = miserably=20 under overload listening tests. Figure 6 shows the = voltage=20 gain versus frequency. Obviously, most present day = amplifiers are=20 flat through the audio band. However, it is the band outside = of the=20 audible region which makes some of the difference between = one=20 amplifier and another. In this circuit it is evident that = smooth=20 flat band pass extends more than two octaves on each side of = the=20 traditional 20 to 20,000 band. This enormous band width is = necessary=20 to eliminate phase shift over the customary region and to = provide=20 good transient response. The square wave performance of = Fig. 7=20 testifies to the transient response. Evidently, a circuit = with=20 response fiat within 2 db for a decade on each side of the = audio=20 band should show a presentable square wave at most = frequencies. How=20 ever, the low phase shift, fast rise time, and = insignificance of=20 ringing in this circuit as indicated by the square waves = shows=20


	pg.=20 5


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	www.tubecad.com Copyright =A9 2000 = GlassWare. All=20 Rights Reserved


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