From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: EZ Audio Polarity Test & Measure Date: Wed, 18 Dec 2013 12:07:35 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0082_01CEFBE9.BCFAD530" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0082_01CEFBE9.BCFAD530 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.siber-sonic.com/broadcast/polaritymeasure.html =EF=BB=BF =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 EZ Audio Polarity Test & Measure=20 =20

Originally Web posted 8 July 1996.
Content last = modified Friday, 25 January 2008 .

Easy Test and Measurement of Audio Polarity

Sonic=20 Purity=E2=80=94Independent Broadcast Engineer=E2=80=94 formerly of = Albany,=20 CA

In the last=20 article, we explored the desirability of maintaining absolute = polarity=20 (a.k.a. absolute phase) of audio signals from acoustic source to = acoustic=20 reproduction, and the likelihood that such is not necessarily the case,=20 especially where those pesky head telephones^[1=
]=20 are part of the process. While quite a bit of discussion ensued = regarding lack=20 of standardization and optimum points in a system to correct polarity, = there was=20 little mention of testing and verification of actual polarity at a given = point=20 in a given system, nor relevant test equipment. Let us now fill that = void=E2=80=A6

First Generation: The Cosky Phaser

You may be disappointed to learn (as was i) that the human mouth (at = least=20 the author=E2=80=99s) is an inconsistent generator of pressure waves, = especially when=20 one does not wish to engage in destructive testing of ribbon mics and = other=20 sensitive, delicate, high-precision transducers. Enter the Cosky Phaser=20 (described in the previous article, schematic shown in fig. 1)

3D"the

Simplicity itself: the electrolytic cap. charges up to 9V. When the = switch is=20 thrown, the stored charge is dumped into the speaker, whose cone pushes = outward,=20 producing a pressure wave. Foam damping between the rear of the cone and = the=20 frame damps oscillations quite effectively, improving wave shape. The = transducer=20 under test is connected to a sufficiently sensitive noninverting = oscilloscope=20 input according to marked polarity standards, and some of the dumped = charge=20 triggers the =E2=80=99scope via the BNC jack. Repeated throws of the = switch (with a=20 sufficient charging interval) produce easily visible, repeatable pulses = of known=20 polarity.

EIA-221-A-compliant microphones will produce a positive-going = wavefront,=20 usually with an oscillatory decay, exact shape dependent upon the = microphone and=20 its positioning with respect to the Cosky speaker (fig. 2). Tin-Can = Standard=20 speakers and headphone (RS-331) elements will produce a negative-going = wavefront=20 under identical conditions, typically with more oscillatory activity, = with the=20 first few cycles not infrequently exceeding the amplitude of the initial = drop=20 (or rise)(fig. 3).

3D"figs.

As long as one is careful to focus in on the initial direction=20 (positive-going or negative-going) of the first cycle of the pulse, the = results=20 are consistent and repeatable across a wide cross-section of = transducers. The=20 Cosky Phaser is cheap, simple, and easy to make, but interfacing = directly to=20 electronics is inelegant, and one=E2=80=99s hand does get awfully tired = if there are a=20 number of devices to measure=E2=80=A6

Second Generation: The Magic Polarity Tester

It didn=E2=80=99t take long to decide that the Age Of The IC=20 dictated a more sophisticated approach, and that the versatile, = omnipresent 555=20 timer would be the IC of choice. The working hypothesis: use a 1% duty = cycle=20 waveform, and find the most appropriate frequency to not only produce = the=20 fastest repetitions consistent with full mechanical oscillation decay, = but also=20 the most easily interpreted and visible =E2=80=99scope waveform across = the widest range=20 of transducers and electronics possible. Extended experimentation = yielded a=20 circuit of only slightly greater complexity than the Cosky, but greatly = improved=20 functionality.

3D"The =

In addition to the built-in speaker of the original design, a=20 transformer-isolated balanced output was added, level selectable for=20 compatibility with mic, low line (-10 dBV to 0 dBu) and high line (+8 = dBu)=20 levels. The 600-600=CE=A9 transformer was the simplest path to = =E2=80=99scope/audio ground=20 isolation, and balanced vs. unbalanced =E2=80=9Cbrain-free=E2=80=9D = interfacing (slam it in,=20 dial it up, and go!). 1/4" T-R-S = was chosen=20 for the output connector both for durability and = =E2=80=9Cautomatic=E2=80=9D balanced/unbalanced=20 =E2=80=9Cswitching=E2=80=9D via use of T-S (unbalanced) or T-R-S = (balanced) plugs on the=20 cable.

Best of all, the entire affair is sufficiently non-critical as to = provide the=20 perfect opportunity to use all those 20% carbon resistors, ungraded = capacitors=20 and the like you=E2=80=99ve been stockpiling all these years for just = the proper=20 occasion=E2=80=A6. The only components i bought specifically for this = project were the=20 enclosure (on sale), and the battery clamp! A rotary switch was = scrounged from a=20 dead stereo receiver for the combination power/level/speaker/bal. out = jack=20 switch. Look for former function selector switches for ample contacts in = a=20 useful pattern, with the correct number of steps (5).

The PNP transistor inverts the negative-going (w.r.t. chassis) output of the 555 to a=20 positive-going trigger pulse. Although there is no reason one = couldn=E2=80=99t omit this=20 stage, and merely trigger negative-going, i prefer to keep all outputs = positive,=20 both acoustic and electrical, for consistency=E2=80=99s sake. The series = resistances=20 were chosen empirically for best results (amplitude and waveshape) with = the=20 speaker and transformer at hand, so you may wish to vary these for = yours. No=20 doubt there=E2=80=99s a more elegant arrangement of flyback diodes, but = i=E2=80=99m only making=20 one of these, not thousands, and i had a lot of homeless funky = diodes=E2=80=A6. The=20 470=C2=B5F supply filter should help extend the usefulness of weak/hi-Z = batteries,=20 though you can expect the trigger signal to "hang out" awhile after the = unit is=20 turned off.

Picking a 45-100=CE=A9 speaker may eliminate the need for the series = R, but might=20 as well use whatcha got. Plan on spending some focused time with a=20 current-limited D.C. supply verifying the actual polarity of the speaker = you=20 plan to use: make certain the cone pushes out with the application of = D.C., then=20 mark the speaker terminal connected to the positive D.C. supply lead + = or red=20 (or whatever=E2=80=A6) if it isn=E2=80=99t already. Make sure this = terminal is the one going to=20 the switched +9V rail, and all will be well. Tedious and obvious as this = may=20 seem, one doesn=E2=80=99t want to make an oversight here, lest one = wishes an =E2=80=9Copposite=E2=80=9D=20 polarity box! It=E2=80=99s also worth spending a few minutes = experimenting with the best=20 mechanical damping arrangement to get clean, non-ringy pulses out of the = speaker=20 (this may require iterations of microphone selection and damping=20 experimentation).

The 2k transformer output load was empirically chosen for best rise = time with=20 minimal overshoot, unloaded into the =E2=80=99scope=E2=80=94adjust as = necessary. Putting the=20 attenuator on the transformer output side yielded much more consistent = waveshape=20 at the different amplitude steps.

The 32nF C2b frequency-determining capacitance was originally the = only C2.=20 This odd value just happened to provide the best waveshapes for a wide = variety=20 of transducers with the 5 cm speaker used, around 40 Hz. There was never = a=20 problem interpreting results when a driver under test was connected = directly to=20 the Magic Polarity Box (or via a verified noninverting power amp, in the = case of=20 larger speakers), but measuring the waveshapes from some tweeters and = midranges=20 in multi-way speaker systems through the stock crossovers proved = difficult.=20 Hence, a frequency switch was added, along with C2a, as shown. 2.7nF = yields=20 about 414 Hz, the range of the highest frequencies which still had = acceptable=20 waveshape through the transformer. This has proven plenty high enough = for any=20 h.f. transducer + crossover to date, and might also prove useful for = some=20 extremely-limited-bandwidth electronics/media (though the author never=20 experienced deficiencies through circuitry at 35-40 Hz). The parallel=20 combination drops the low frequency to about 35 Hz, but no significant=20 differences in waveshapes were found.

I highly recommend enlisting any cheesy, spare microphone (which = doesn=E2=80=99t ring=20 to the next county) for ease of testing speakers. Verify its polarity in = the=20 usual way, and attach a BNC (or whatnot) for direct =E2=80=99scope = attachment &=20 guaranteed correct polarity every time (lest you left polarity inversion = on=E2=80=A6=20 buta liba!). The little speaker in the Magic Polarity Box is more than = enough=20 for mics and headphone elements, and can be used with many speaker = drivers, but=20 isn=E2=80=99t likely to put out enough to kick large woofers, especially = back through a=20 passive crossover! Pump that line out into a power amp, verify = electrical=20 polarity with the =E2=80=99scope as the signal enters the speaker, then = use your=20 reference cheesy mike to scope out each driver. Much faster!

Recorder/reproducers are straightforward electronic in/out = affairs^[2=
],=20 but keep in mind the pulse will be delayed by whatever delay is inherent = in the=20 system, so it may lag substantially after the trigger pulse, and you = may not=20 see it right away if you just wrapped up amp or transducer tests. Be = sure to=20 trigger off your input channel and not the Box when looking at = reproduced pulses=20 after recording has ceased.

The Magic Polarity Box has sufficient output to directly drive a = piece of=20 wire acting as a flux loop for direct magnetic polarity testing pursuant = to=20 SMPTE RP 134-1994. Select high frequency & maximum output. Hold the = wire=20 parallel to the reproduce head gap(s), as close as possible, with the = positive=20 end of the wire at the bottom of the head as you face it (when confused, = think=20 Right-Hand Rule for clarification). =E2=80=99Scope the deck=E2=80=99s = output, and you=E2=80=99ve got=20 your repro. results, plus a known reference for record->play = tests.

Complaints? I cannot believe how little regard was given to polarity = on some=20 home audio equipment! Nakamichi 700 line in to line out: source inverts, = tape=20 mon. doesn=E2=80=99t. Same at headphone out. 700II: both tape and source = invert at the=20 line out, both noninverting at the h.p. out. This is one manufacturer = and=20 virtually the same machine! Similar results were obtained with other = brands. My=20 only other gripe is measuring polarity is now so much fun, i=E2=80=99m = running out of=20 things to measure!

^[=
1]=20 I never knew =E2=80=9Cheadphones=E2=80=9D was a contraction until = reading an old FCC=20 Element 3 Study Guide.

^[=
2]=20 if one is ignoring magnetic polarity, or assuming it is = correct=E2=80=A6.

Polarity = Matters=20 (in case you missed it)

World=20 O=E2=80=99 Radio/Recording/Audio 3D"Sonic's The=20 Sonically Pure Pages

This Siber-Sonically Pure Page is , 3D"Let ,=20 , and Transitional compliant.

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background-color: white; } .new { color: rgb(51, 204, 0); } .major { color: yellow; font-style: italic; } .bkemcolor1 { background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153); } .bkemcolor2 { background-color: rgb(255, 204, 204); } p.tagline { padding: 4px; text-align: center; color: rgb(72, 0, 102); text-indent: = 0px; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, sans-serif; = background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102); } .mmenu { font-family: Charcoal, Chicago; } .xmmenu { font-family: "Lucida Grande", Charcoal; font-size: 80%; } .strike { text-decoration: line-through; } .monsp { font-family: Monaco, monospace; } .bigf { font-size: larger; } .small { font-size: 90%; margin-right: 4%; margin-left: 4%; } .img { font-size: 90%; margin-right: 4%; margin-left: 4%; } .smallfnt { font-size: 90%; } .aside { font-size: 90%; } p.moddate { font-size: 90%; } .smf { font-size: smaller; } .bold { font-weight: bold; } blockquote { padding: 3px; border: 3px inset rgb(255, 255, 153); } .conclusion { padding: 2px; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); } .conclwd { color: rgb(204, 0, 153); } dt { color: rgb(0, 51, 153); font-weight: bold; } .note { padding: 2px; text-indent: 0px; margin-right: 5%; margin-left: 5%; = background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); } .notewd { color: rgb(0, 153, 153); font-weight: bold; } .note2 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-right: 5%; margin-left: = 5%; } .note2a { padding: 2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); } .note2b { background-color: rgb(204, 170, 255); } .box { border-width: thick; border-style: outset; padding: 13px; margin-right: = 8%; margin-left: 8%; } .box1 { border-width: thick; border-style: outset; padding: 13px; margin-right: = 8%; margin-left: 8%; } .dimmed { color: gray; } caption { caption-side: bottom; } table.tblclr th { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 153); } table.tblclr td { text-align: center; background-color: rgb(102, 255, 153); } .box { text-align: center; background-color: rgb(102, 255, 153); } ------=_NextPart_000_0082_01CEFBE9.BCFAD530 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Location: http://www.siber-sonic.com/css/Audio.css @import url( Sonic.css ); body { background: rgb(238, 255, 255); } ------=_NextPart_000_0082_01CEFBE9.BCFAD530--