Earthing (Grounding) Your Hi-Fi - Tricks and Techniques

From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: Earthing (Grounding) Your Hi-Fi - Tricks and Techniques Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2015 10:36:22 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/earthing.htm =EF=BB=BF =20 =20 = =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 = =20 Earthing (Grounding) Your Hi-Fi - Tricks and Techniques = =20 =20

=20

Elliott Sound Products

Earthing Your Hi-Fi - Tricks and=20 Techniques

Articles=20 Index
Main Index

Introduction=20

It is not uncommon to see hi-fi equipment with the earth (ground)=20 disconnected from one piece of equipment or another, usually to prevent = a hum=20 loop which ruins the listening experience. However, there is nothing = quite like=20 being electrocuted to really ruin the experience should something = go=20 wrong!

Electrocution
First, a quick word on electrocution. It is = not fun,=20 and electricity kills a great many people worldwide every year. A = current of=20 50mA (barely enough to make a low wattage lamp even glow) is sufficient = to send=20 your heart into a state called 'ventricular fibrillation', where the = heart=20 muscles are all working out of synchronisation with each other. Little = or no=20 blood is pumped, and you will die within about 3 minutes unless help is=20 immediately at hand.

Sometimes (but less often), your heart will simply stop. If this = happens, it=20 is possible that with external heart massage that it might re-start, and = occasionally it might even re-start by itself - rare, but it can happen. = The=20 result of fatal electrocution is that you will no longer be able to = enjoy the=20 hi-fi that you have spent so much time and money putting together, and = all other=20 earthly activities are similarly curtailed .

This article has been prompted by many e-mails I have received asking = about=20 hum, earthing and what should be done to ensure that equipment is safe, = and does=20 not hum. There are other causes of hum in a sound system other than = electrical=20 (safety) earthing issues, but I will contain this particular article to = the=20 basic issues of safety and eliminating hum loops while maintaining a = high degree=20 of safety.

The regulations regarding safety earth connections vary = from one=20 country to the next, and I do not have the details for each case. = This=20 article is general, and if unsure, you should consult the = appropriate=20 electrical supply authority in your country to obtain the rules = that apply=20 to you.

I have used the terminology I am familiar with - = the live=20 conductor is called the 'active' and the return conductor is = called=20 'neutral'. The safety conductor is called 'earth' or sometimes = 'earth=20 ground' (particularly in the US). These terms differ, so make sure = that=20 you know what they are called where you = live.

How The Safety Earth Works=20

The basic idea of an electrical safety earth (or ground) is pretty = much the=20 same everywhere, but the details can vary widely. The case (chassis) of = the=20 equipment (and except for special situations, the internal electronics) = is=20 connected to an earth pin on the mains outlet. This is then connected = through=20 the house wiring and switchboard to an electrically solid earth point, = which is=20 commonly a copper water pipe (no longer allowed in Australia or NZ), or = an=20 approved earth stake buried deep into the ground.=20

In some systems used elsewhere, the earth wire is separate back to = the=20 distribution transformer, and in others the neutral is also the earth up = until=20 the household switchboard. Australia and New Zealand use the 'Multiple = Earth=20 Neutral' (MEN) system, where there is a bond between neutral and earth = at each=20 household (or unit complex) main switchboard. The maintains the lowest = possible=20 impedance for the safety earth. Other countries have different = regulations and=20 systems - look it up for your location or ask an electrician if = unsure.

Should a fault develop within the equipment that causes the active = (live)=20 conductor to come into contact with the chassis, the fault current will = flow to=20 earth, and the equipment or main switchboard fuse or circuit breaker = will blow.=20 This protects the user from electric shock, bypassing the dangerous = current=20 directly to earth, rather than through the body of the unsuspecting poor = bastard=20 who just touched it. If this experience does not kill, it will = invariably enrich=20 the vocabulary.

Earth leakage circuit breakers (RCD - residual current detectors - = see below)=20 measure the current in the active and neutral conductors. If these = differ by=20 more than a few milliamps, the circuit is disconnected. The principle is = simple=20 - if the current in the two wires differs, some of it must be going = somewhere=20 that is undesirable, so the supply is interrupted almost instantly. = While these=20 are mandatory in some countries (or under some circumstances), it is = best not to=20 rely on any advanced technique, but provide a system that is = intrinsically safe=20 - this is extremely difficult in reality.

There are exceptions to the basic earthed equipment method of = protection.=20 Some equipment is designated 'Double Insulated', and usually has a = symbol of two=20 concentric squares that indicates that the equipment is double = insulated, and=20 that an earth connection is not needed (or in some cases must not = be=20 used). The common plug-pack (wall-wart) power supply is nearly always = double=20 insulated, and such equipment has reinforced insulation, designed to = ensure that=20 it is not possible for the live AC connection to connect to the = secondary=20 electronics in any event - including a complete meltdown. The electrical = safety=20 tests to verify that a product meets the Double Insulation standards are = rigorous and expensive, and are very difficult to meet with high powered = equipment, and even more so when the equipment has a metal case. Nearly = all=20 power amplifiers (for example) are not double insulated, and = require an=20 earth connection.

Colour Codes=20

The common colour codes for mains wiring are shown in Table 1, below. = The=20 Active (or Line) is the 'hot' conductor, and carries the full AC supply = voltage.=20 The Neutral conductor is not live, but is intended to be the return path = for all=20 current in the active lead. The neutral is always considered to be a = 'live'=20 conductor and must be insulated accordingly, and it must not be used for = anything other than the return path for current from the active. = Although this=20 has caused great confusion to a great many people, it is sensible and = logical (I=20 will not go into the reasons here). The safety earth (or ground) = conductor is=20 intended to provide protection against electrocution, and where fitted, = must not=20 be disconnected.

Conductor	IEC	US	Alternative
Active (Line)	Brown	Black	Red
Neutral	Blue	White	Black
Earth	Green/Yellow	Green	Green

Table 1 - = Common Mains=20 Colour Codes

These colour codes are not standardised, and some variations may be = found in=20 different countries. The column headed 'Alternative' refers to an old = code that=20 used to be used in Australia and several other countries prior to the = IEC codes=20 being adopted. The one common theme of these codes is that they have = been=20 designed so that colour-blind people will not get the wires mixed up. = The use of=20 green with yellow stripes for the earth makes this even more secure. I = have no=20 information on the history of the determination of the colours used, but = it is=20 of little consequence since we can't change it.=20

Note that in the US, the neutral is sometimes referred to as the=20 groundED conductor, and earth/ earth ground called the = groundING=20 conductor. These terms are not intuitive and are easily mixed up if you = don't=20 understand the difference. Make sure that you fully understand = all terms=20 that are used where you live.

Earth Loops/ Ground Loops=20

Figure 1 shows a typical connection of two hi-fi components, and = includes the=20 house wiring and main earthing point. As can be seen, there is a loop = (indicated=20 by the dotted line), which includes the interconnect cable, power leads, = and a=20 small part of the house wiring. Such loops are a major cause of hum in = systems,=20 and it is not uncommon for people to remove an earth wire from one or = the other=20 mains connectors to break the loop and stop the hum. The situation is = much worse=20 if different wall outlets are used for different parts of the sound = system. In=20 this case, the loop may extend all the way back to the main switchboard, = making=20 it longer, and more likely to have a significant voltage between = individual=20 earth connections.

3D"Figure
Figure 1 - The Formation of an Earth Loop

Also note that the neutral (return) conductor is attached to earth at = the=20 main switchboard. This is called the MEN system and is standard in = Australia=20 and some other countries, but might not be the case where you live. = Check with=20 an electrician who can tell you how this is done (if you really want to=20 know).

What happens if the amplifier develops an electrical fault that = allows the=20 live AC conductor to come into contact with the chassis? The current = will flow=20 from the chassis, through the earth connection, and the fuse/ circuit = breaker=20 will blow in the switchboard (or in the equipment if a mains fuse is=20 fitted).

Should the safety earth be disconnected from the power amp (for = example), if=20 a fault occurs in the amp, the only earth return is now via the = interconnects=20 (assuming that the source is earthed). Interconnects are not designed to = withstand the fault current that can occur with a major electrical = fault, and=20 may disintegrate before the fuse. You now have a live chassis on the = amplifier -=20 just waiting for someone to touch it and possibly die!

Residual Current Detectors=20

Many new installations use a safety switch, specifically an 'Earth = Leakage'=20 or 'Residual Current' detector (aka GFI - ground fault interrupter, = etc.), a=20 device that will disconnect the AC supply if the current flowing in the = active=20 (live) conductor is not exactly matched by that in the neutral. Any = imbalance=20 means that current is going somewhere it should not be, and the device = will=20 trip.

These safety circuit breakers are very fast acting, and have saved = many lives=20 since their introduction. The 50mA that will kill you is detected by the = breaker, and the power is disconnected - fast! Most of these type of = breakers=20 will operate on as little as 20mA, so you are not only protected against = major=20 faults, but also against excessive AC leakage caused by faulty = insulation or=20 moisture.

This does not mean that you can now go around disconnecting earth = connections=20 to stop hum - the safety devices that may be fitted to your house wiring = are=20 designed to trigger on a fault before you find it the hard way. = In many=20 countries, it is illegal to tamper with electrical (mains) wiring unless = you are=20 licensed - but in all countries, if it can be proven that you = disconnected an=20 earth that allowed a fault to kill someone else, you are liable, and = may be=20 subject to criminal charges ! Is that scary?

What Causes Earth (Ground) Loops?=20

It is generally accepted that an earth loop conducts a current from = one piece=20 of equipment to the next, and imposes a voltage across the connection. A = good=20 question is where does the current come from, and why doesn't it trip = the safety=20 switch? Contrary to common belief, earth loops are not caused by = leakage=20 current or some other mysterious current that flows in the earth lead = back to=20 the switchboard. If this were the case, it would have to be coming from = an=20 active connection via a leakage path, and this would trip the safety = switch=20 instantly.=20

The loop is mostly entirely local, and (again) contrary to some = claims,=20 connecting equipment to separate mains outlets will almost certainly = make the=20 situation much worse. Current in the local loop is created by the stray = magnetic=20 field of transformers in the connected equipment. Traditional (EI) = laminated=20 transformers are almost always worse in this respect than toroidal = transformers,=20 but all mains frequency transformers are capable of generating a = circulating=20 current if given the opportunity. These currents are made worse if there = is=20 metal chassis work in close proximity to the transformer laminations. = Thick=20 panels simply mean lower resistance, so a higher current flows for a = given=20 induced voltage.=20

Another source is a signal lead running parallel to a mains power = lead.=20 Although the conductors of mains leads are twisted, the twist is usually = fairly=20 basic, so balancing of the magnetic field is rather poor compared to the = tight=20 twist of Cat-5 communications cable for example. The magnetic coupling = is poor,=20 and the greatest problems are likely to be caused by capacitive = coupling. Since=20 this favours high frequency noise, the sound is completely different = from an=20 earth loop, and it's a good idea to try to familiarise yourself with the = different sounds made by the various issues that may plague hi-fi = setups. If=20 signal cables and mains wiring must cross each other, ensure they cross = at right=20 angles, and if possible separate the two as far as practicable. = Capacitive=20 coupling can also be an issue with transformer windings, where mains = noise is=20 coupled through to the secondary by inter-winding capacitance, or from = Y-Class=20 caps from mains to chassis.=20

It is not at all uncommon that multiple earth loops may exist, but in = the=20 vast majority of cases a transformer is the root cause of the problem. = The loop=20 created by the mains safety earth and the various interconnects can be = quite=20 large, and it may not seem possible that cables so far from a = transformer could=20 possibly generate enough current to cause a problem. However, the cables = might=20 well be separated, but what about the equipment chassis? Any metal panel = that=20 passes close to the transformer becomes part of the problem too, = depending on=20 how the internal earthing connection is arranged. It's not uncommon to = see the=20 mains safety earth connected near the mains inlet, and the signal earth=20 connected somewhere else on the chassis. In isolation, this will never = cause a=20 problem. Once the equipment is connected to something else that's also = earthed,=20 an instant earth loop is created.=20

While disconnecting the mains earth from one of the offending pieces = of kit=20 may well break the loop, it also renders the setup unsafe if there is an = internal fault. In some countries, it may be illegal to disconnect a = safety=20 earth, and if someone is killed or injured you may be held liable.

3D"Figure
Figure 2 - Transformer Induced Earth Loop Current = Waveform

The waveform shown above was not simulated. It was captured on a PC = based=20 oscilloscope, using a single loop of thin wire (loosely) around the = outside of=20 an E-I core transformer. No special attempt was made to optimise the = signal, and=20 the loop was terminated by a resistor of 0.22 ohms. The voltage was = changed only=20 very slightly regardless of whether the resistor was connected or not, = showing=20 that it is not unreasonable to expect that the current may be very large = indeed=20 if the impedance of the loop is low enough. Note that the primary = frequency is=20 50Hz, but the waveform shows that there is a very high level of 150Hz = ... the=20 third harmonic.=20

Remember that any metalwork, including that of another piece of = equipment=20 sitting above that which uses the transformer, becomes part of this = loop.=20 Increasing the size (effective diameter) of the loop does reduce the = problem=20 slightly, but the larger loop may also be more sensitive and need less = magnetic=20 flux to generate a potentially troublesome voltage and current.=20

Although the measured voltage of the waveform in Figure 2 is only = about=20 20mV, compare this with the signal voltage at a typical listening level. = Assuming speakers at around 90dB/W/m and a power amp gain of 27dB, the = hum is=20 only 15.7dB below a listening level of 1W (90dB SPL at 1 metre). This = will be=20 very audible indeed.

Main Earth Connection=20

For those who build amps (as is the case with many of the readers of = these=20 pages), a common question is "How should I connect the mains safety = earth to the=20 chassis?". As I stated above, the regulations change from one country to = the=20 next, but the principles are the same. Figure 3 shows a view of the = basic=20 connection, which is very safe. The lug used should be an approved earth = lug (or=20 one that meets any standards that exist where you live). Most are = crimped, but=20 soldering ensures the most reliable connection for safety.

3D"Figure
Figure 3 - Safe Method Of Connecting The Safety = Earth

Any paint (or anodising, in an aluminium chassis) must be scraped = away to=20 expose bare metal, and the tooth washer ensures that there is a good = 'bite' into=20 the metal itself. The use of two nuts is strongly recommended, since the = second=20 one acts as a locknut, and prevents the first nut from loosening. The = flat=20 washers shown are optional, but highly recommended. They may be a = requirement in=20 some countries.

Do not use the earth connection as mounting for any other panel or = component=20 - it must be dedicated to the task of providing a safety earth point. If = a=20 component mounting bolt is used, at some stage it may be disconnected by = a=20 service (or other) person, which means that the apparatus is unsafe = until=20 everything is (hopefully) put back where it belongs - this does not = always=20 happen.

Make sure that the electrical connection between metal panels is also = very=20 well made. Some chassis are available in a kit form, and when screwed = together,=20 may not make good electrical contact with each other. Should the mains = come in=20 contact with a panel that has a flaky connection with the one that is = earthed=20 properly, the same potential for disaster is still present. All exposed = metal=20 must be properly and securely earthed.

The internal electronics of an amplifier should also be earthed, but = now we=20 have the problem of the hum loop again. There are two possibilities here = ...

Don't earth the internal electronics, or use a simple 'loop = breaker'=20 circuit to allow the case to act as a shield for radio frequency = interference,=20 but no solid connection is made (this is a common approach). This = provides=20 protection should there be a failure from the incoming mains to = chassis, but=20 provides none at all if the transformer were to develop a fault = between=20 primary and secondary windings. Such faults are uncommon, but they can = (and=20 do) occur.
Use a high current loop breaker circuit, ensuring that even major = fault=20 currents will be bypassed to the safety earth conductor. Such a = circuit was=20 described as a part of the 100W Guitar Amp project, but is shown = again below.=20 Be warned that this circuit (while safe) may not be legal where you=20 live.

Use Of Loop Breaker Circuits=20

While very effective (and safe), as mentioned above such a circuit = might not=20 be legal where you live. If this is the case and hum is causing you = grief, the=20 use of balanced interconnects might solve the problem - but at = some cost,=20 and will require balancing circuitry at each end of all the = interconnects. While=20 not a panacea, this is the approach taken in all professional equipment, = and is=20 usually highly effective, allowing all safety earth connections to = remain=20 exactly as they are to prevent electrocution of the artists or road = crew.=20 Suitable circuits for home (or professional) use are shown in the = projects=20 section. =20

Note that there is an ongoing debate about the proper connection of = pin 1 of=20 all XLR connectors, and if not done appropriately for the equipment, the = "pin 1=20 problem" may either defeat any benefit from balancing or even make = matters=20 worse. In nearly all cases, transformers are more effective than = electronically=20 balanced circuits, but good ones come at high cost, and cheap ones may = seriously=20 affect the frequency response of the equipment.

3D"Figure
Figure 4 - A High Current Safety Loop Breaker = Circuit

I have simply shown all internal electronics as a box, with the only=20 connection to the loop breaker being the zero volt line. This is most = commonly=20 taken directly from the centre tap of the main amplifier filter = capacitors, but=20 should always be connected to a point where there is high current wiring = back to=20 the transformer. It is the transformer that provides isolation from the = mains,=20 and the possibility of an internal transformer fault must be catered = for.=20 Ideally, the mains earth connection and the loop-breaker's earth end = should=20 connect to the same point on the chassis (as shown). Depending on the = installed=20 transformer, there may be a significant circulating current within the = chassis=20 itself.

The only exception is if a double insulated mains transformer is = used, but=20 these are rare. Should the transformer be of 'conventional' construction = (not a=20 toroidal), then the transformer body - the steel core - must be = connected to=20 chassis directly. Do not use any loop breaker circuit to isolate the=20 transformer core, as it is unnecessary and dangerous to do so.

The loop breaker works by adding a resistance in the earth return = circuit.=20 This reduces circulating loop currents to a very small value, and thus = breaks=20 the loop. The capacitor in parallel ensures that the electronics are = connected=20 to the chassis for radio frequency signals, and helps to prevent radio = frequency=20 interference. Finally, the diode bridge provides the path for fault = currents.=20 The use of a large chassis mounting (35A) type is suggested, since this = will be=20 able to handle the possibly very high fault currents that may occur = without=20 becoming open circuit. Note the way the bridge is wired, with the two AC = terminals shorted, and the two DC terminals shorted. Other connection=20 possibilities are dangerous, and must be avoided.

In the event of a major fault, one (or more) of the diodes in the = bridge will=20 possibly fail. Semiconductors (nearly) always fail as short circuit, and = only=20 become open circuited if the fault current continues and 'blows' the=20 interconnecting wires. High current bridge rectifiers have very solid = conductors=20 throughout, and open circuit diodes are very rare (I have never seen a = high=20 power bridge go open circuit - so far at least). Use of the bridge means = that=20 there are two diodes in parallel for fault current of either polarity, = so the=20 likelihood of failure (to protect) is very small indeed.

When a loop breaker is used, it is vitally important that all input = and=20 output connectors are insulated from the case. If not, they will = instantly=20 defeat the loop breaker by providing a direct connection from the zero = Volt=20 point to chassis, and no benefit is obtained. (Electricity has an = annoying - but=20 perfectly logical - tendency to travel along the path of least = resistance, and a=20 direct short circuit will always have less resistance than the loop=20 breaker.)

It is not uncommon to have an induced voltage of perhaps 1V RMS = between the=20 earth connections of power outlets that are wired separately back to the = switchboard. This small voltage, with a total resistance of perhaps = 0.2-0.5 Ohm,=20 will cause a loop current of 2 to 5 Amps, all of which flows in the = shield of=20 the interconnect. This is sufficient to cause a voltage difference = across the=20 interconnect, which the amplifier cannot differentiate from the wanted = signal.=20 By breaking the loop with the 10 Ohm resistor, the current is now less = than=20 200mA, and the voltage across the interconnect will be very much = smaller,=20 reducing the hum to the point where it should no longer be audible.=20

Never route an earth wire to the main (star) earthing point on a = chassis in=20 such a way that it forms a partial (or full) turn around a transformer. = It is=20 better to relocate either the star earth point or the transformer to = ensure that=20 no earth conductor can create a partial turn. There may often be = conflicting=20 requirements, but there is usually no reason that proper earthing for = minimum=20 hum and maximum safety should be mutually exclusive. Both are important, = and=20 both must be accommodated in the final design.

An earth loop will typically inject either a 50Hz or 60Hz = hum=20 into the signal, or in the (common) case of a transformer induced = current,=20 a somewhat mangled mains frequency as shown in Figure 2 - if you = have a=20 100Hz or 120Hz buzz (which generally has a hard edge to the = sound), you=20 have done something wrong in the wiring of the power supply, and = the=20 techniques described here will not help. Refer to the article on = power supply = wiring.

Mains Filters=20

The core of the transformer (only for C-core or EI types - it's not=20 accessible with toroidal transformers) should also connect to the = chassis and=20 mains earth. In the unlikely event of a primary to core leakage or short = circuit, the current will be diverted to the protective earth and will = trip the=20 safety switch or circuit breaker. In some cases, a transformer may be = fitted=20 with an electrostatic shield, but these are lamentably uncommon in hi-fi = transformers. Where provided, these too must be connected directly to = the main=20 earth point, and not via a loop breaker (if used).

The purpose of the electrostatic shield is to intercept (and earth) = any=20 interference on the incoming mains. It does this by preventing any = signal from=20 being capacitively coupled from the primary to secondary windings, so = the only=20 form of coupling in the transformer is via the magnetic field in the = transformer=20 core. Most mains transformers have relatively poor high frequency = response and=20 this helps to further reduce interfering signals.

This can dramatically reduce extraneous noises (clicks, pops, = whirring=20 sounds, etc.) that might get into the system via the house and supply = company=20 wiring. This has great potential to pick up noise, since there may be 50 = to=20 100km (or more) of cable (including high voltage feeders and = substations)=20 involved between your amplifier and the generating plant.

In some cases, a mains filter might be fitted to amplifiers or other=20 equipment (such as specially designed mains leads or 'black boxes') to = reduce=20 any interference. Where fitted, if an earth connection is provided, it = must be=20 connected to the safety earth and chassis - never to the amp's zero volt = line.=20 Typical filters will use Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) to cut off any = high=20 voltage spikes, and a capacitor and inductor network to filter out = anything that=20 is not at the mains frequency.

A true 50Hz (or 60Hz) tuned filter will be a large unit indeed, so = most line=20 filters only work at frequencies above a few kHz. This is generally = enough to=20 get rid of most interference, since a well designed power supply should = be able=20 to filter out the majority of noise from the mains. Mains filters = usually use=20 the mains earth as a reference, so it must be present for the units to = work=20 correctly. Not using the safety earth as a reference is extremely = dangerous,=20 since the filters may have capacitors that can (and do) become short = circuited=20 if a high voltage spike manages to get through and punctures the = insulation.

Conclusion=20

Electrical safety cannot be over emphasised. Hum is damn annoying, = and=20 everyone wants it gone. There is no good reason to sacrifice one for the = other,=20 since safety and hum-free operation can peacefully co-exist with care = and the=20 right techniques. Use of a separate earth stake just for hi-fi equipment = is=20 probably unlawful in most countries, as the integrity of the safety = earth may be=20 suspect at best, useless at worst.

As I have said several times, make sure that you find out the legal=20 requirements in your country, and don't do anything that places you at = risk -=20 either from electrocution or legal liability. Neither is likely to be a = pleasant=20 experience.

Where the mains is noisy (apparently a common occurrence in the US), = use of a=20 dedicated mains filter may be useful to prevent mains noise from = entering the=20 system. This will generally be unnecessary if the supply is well = designed=20 (especially if an electrostatic shield is used on the transformer), but = this is=20 often the exception, rather than the rule.

The use of 'specialty' mains leads (unless fitted with a proper = filter which=20 will be in the form of a box in line with the cable) is unlikely to = solve the=20 problem - regardless of claims made by the manufacturers or reviewers = (see The Truth About Cables,=20 Interconnects and Audio in General for my comments on these - this = article=20 made a lot of audiophiles very unhappy, but advertising hype does = not=20 negate the laws of physics).=20

The (relatively) recent trend to use switchmode power supplies in = consumer=20 equipment, along with double insulation, has created new problems. All = SMPS use=20 small (and allegedly) 'fail-safe' Y-Class capacitors to the chassis, = which is=20 not earthed. Use of these caps means that the chassis floats at roughly = half the=20 mains voltage, but the impedance is very high. This poses two risks = ...

Equipment input circuits may be damaged if double insulated = appliances=20 with an SMPS are connected while switched on. This is covered = elsewhere on the=20 ESP site. Such failures are the result of (typically) half mains = voltage=20 being present on the chassis (and therefore the internal circuitry).=20 Connection to earthed equipment may cause a large instantaneous = current to=20 flow.
Switchmode supply noise and any high frequency noise on the mains = now=20 flows in the shield of the interconnect. This is not really an earth = loop as=20 such, and the result is more likely to be a harsh (grating) hissing = sound. It=20 is quite distinctly different from normal thermal noise, and is also = more=20 intrusive.

It might be possible to reduce this noise by installing a = heavy earth=20 strap that joins each chassis. Strictly speaking, this may be completely = illegal, but the rules for double insulated appliances in many countries = are=20 often stupid, and fail to address reality. Almost all modern systems = will have a=20 mixture of earthed and double insulated equipment, and any rule that = states (for=20 example) that "double insulated appliances must not be earthed" is = instantly=20 broken when the interconnects are installed. Needless to say, without = the=20 interconnects there is no point having the gear in the first place, = because=20 there's often no other way to get the signal from one unit to the other. = Optical=20 fibre is one method of course, and completely eliminates any possibility = of an=20 earth loop. This is not always a viable option.

=20

Main=20 Index

Articles=20 Index

Copyright Notice. = This=20 article, including but not limited to all text and diagrams, is = the=20 intellectual property of Rod Elliott, and is Copyright =C2=A9 = 1999.=20 Reproduction or re-publication by any means whatsoever, whether=20 electronic, mechanical or electro- mechanical, is strictly = prohibited=20 under International Copyright laws. The author (Rod Elliott) = grants the=20 reader the right to use this information for personal use only, = and=20 further allows that one (1) copy may be made for reference. = Commercial use=20 is prohibited without express written authorisation from Rod=20 Elliott.

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/jpeg Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/esp.jpg /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/4QAWRXhpZgAASUkqAAgAAAAAAAAAAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgH BwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/ 2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIy MjIyMjIyMjIyMjL/wAARCABaANcDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQF BgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS 0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4 eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi 4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREA AgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl 8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImK kpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP0 9fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD2/VdVttHsnurljsUHCqMsx9FHc1xk/wATZ2mH9n+Gb28tyisJ POSNgT1UoeQRUnxPnNrpMM6jc0STOEJO1sJ0Na/h2ytrbSbea2hji+0wxyPg4LEj1/OteWCgpPdn M5zdRxjsjIf4hamjt/xSN2UxlCLuPLfh2qB/ibqaEY8G3pB7/ao67SSVkHl5+YnoSf51Ta4McbST HyoxHl5HcbB+JoTg+n4lNzXX8Dk5Pibq+P3Hgy5Y88SX0af0NNHxR1jaC3gm6BzggXsZx+lXtR8d 6RYTSRpJcXssUnlSR2cBk2nAPPbv1qn/AMLH09Nm+y1YAkod9i/b0xVcsf5WZ88/5kN/4Wdq5ZgP Bd18oB5vE59ccU+H4l6xL5u7wXcoVPyZvo+R78cfrU+nfEDw3qbxxDVUt5sEmK5zAw+ueO3rXSpK G2YlyHGUIycjGcg0modvxLTm/tL7jm5PiFq6g7PB9yxGOt2g/pQ3xD1VGO7wjcbMZDLeISfwxXVx TuS4yXGQeuMUTTScvkpjvnj8RSvDt+I/3nf8Di2+J2qqm4eDLsn0+2J/hTT8TtZXcG8E3G4DK7b+ Mg/jjiuk1XW9P0eAS6jex2sJ43yHnP8AkVzlz8SNMtrhkS11O5wMb7W2LI/uM8Ee9Wowe0X95DnN byX3Cn4n6lv2jwbe47k3cVIPihqe4Z8G3gBH/P5HnP09Pekf4j6cUz/ZeuB+AQbQg/Xij/hZFiHf /iWazsAyP9CP5HmnyR/lf3hzy/mX3C/8LR1L5h/wht7u/hxdx4P1PakPxP1jClfBdyeMvm+jGPpx zUi/EPTn3ONP1YgYyPspyPWkT4iae4wdO1pCON/2IkGjkj/Kxc8/5l9w3/haOpFcr4NvM56G7jHF KPifqhYg+DLsen+mxU1PiJp37rNhrQzn5zZk4+ozQPiRYMEP9nayhyQQbI9R+NHJH+V/eHPP+Zfc PHxO1Ig/8UdeA44zeR9fQ+lM/wCFn6uGAbwXc4x1W+jPP5UN8QrAQO6afrRcjIT7Gf0zSn4j6aZd g07W8HkOLM8+1HJH+V/eHPP+ZfcC/FDVGU58F3gfOAPtkWCfrSp8UNTJIfwbeKQM8XkZFMPxH02I Fjp+tPGEzk2ZzVzTPiB4b1M28EOqxi4mGBFJmN9+cY570OMF9l/eNTm/tIg/4WVrDH5PBlyy4yM3 0YP5YouPiffwQeYfB970yd11GB+ddesu1i+/gdfanTRx3MYilQSLjo4yD+PY1HudvxKvUte6M7wv 440nxWZIbMyw30Khp7SeMrJFn17H8DWhqHiHT9MuVt5/tcsxTeY7SzmuWRSSAWESNtBIYAnGdrYz g4880yzS1+L9gLeNk2w3MUjH+NAoIH5mp9S0e71nTbe3t7Kxub5fEl9JcLqVsZ4RhLryfPUchTGb cKx6KYiARtBipFRdkaUpOUbs9E07VbXVoHnsmkbY5R45onheNsA4dHAZTgggEDIIPQg0Vzuj/wDI w6D5P2//AJAD/a/tv/Hz9+DyPtOP+Wn/AB8Yz383H8VFQaGZ8XiR4eUgA4inOD/uVsaBvi8MaaiR vsFnEDH0x8g6Vj/F848Nj/rlP2/2K2tDcP4d02QyO4NnB86HIf5BzW7+CPzOZfxJfITWdTg0uxe5 cPI4/wBXGH+ckc454rzfWbl9d1BLu9iyGjMcah8qFPJBHQ/iK1fFF/cXGseVjEVsxUAfzI96xHQR wvI4CbHzwO+P88V20aMYx5nuefXrznPlWxd061+0ygRRGXgKoXI2noBitz+xr+NMmxcRYyQV6Vt+ EbOax0WGS4ikivLgb5Y3UZUnkKdpPI6fnXQJdHJYeYOOQRmueeJ10R0U8LpqzyTV9IimP7+1jki6 kTKCB71maVqeqeEWD6cbi70scSafLLny+fvRMemPTvmvVtesFvrb7RBEhuIx85J4MffPr0rgZbLy wdipsOQD161tBwqx1MJc9GWh3uha1Z+ItKtdSs5CYblc4kAyOxQ47g1R8T6/c6SIYLcJ5kqOXdxk xgdD6GuX8FC40nxFJopET6dqTG5jPOYnABfjpg1seKbEtrkkjY2PGNue/FYUqcfa2l0OmrVl7JOP U4yGJIZknHE+8iQkly+TnGTz1Oa0bLTbm8kC28Mk4ySDHzgf4ZqeSz2bJBv2J1II/On6R4z1Lw5B b6brOlSXFukeEvNP+fd1OSnr0/GuypPlXuI46dPmfvM0I9E1QDP2WXp2U1K+j6nt+W1ucnnhcYq/ p/xC8OX5gSPU4o5pHAEVxmN0bOMc9/auht9WgnEpimimSM4PlOH25rkdefY7I0Y9zkP7H1ATmT7D NycEgYyMUg0XU0xi1ncZ6Otdubld5QpJkIeOxFSLc48x+qkqRz2pfWJdivqq7nCDRb9OBYTFRxsK /wAjQdDv8On2S4KH/Zr0DzrdVYblCtzigSRyJnIbJBBPNT9al2D6qu558dD1IK4FjKRnI45HFObR NQcc2sx6YzHyD65rvwwZ98ZGD95SOD70pYfvAckrjjjOCeelL61LsP6qu55rd6ZPD8s0UkRKZ3sM VzmpaTb3sSRXcQw3UFMj8D1Fe2zwQXMJjm2PGcEBuK8/1yyS1vpbXLlGxsx2H1rpoVlU0ZzVqDp6 nMeF/FV14Yvo9N1WV7nSZpRHBdySZNs7/wAEmeSme/avWYsoDH8mNnA5/wAmvHdSsvttvcWMqvIk mU5GcjsR7iu4+H+tHWvDFtHNLIb60Agug8eJI5B0JHoRjms8RSUXdG1Cq5xs+hnWcjN8YrAbeP8A SwT/AMAFeg6j4fsNUuVuJ/tcU4QRmS0vZrZnUEkBjE67gCWIBzjc2MZOfPbHB+MViuTw14//AI4B XrNc1T4jpofCZ2n6Ta6VbvBZrIu9t7yTSvM8jYAy7uSzHAABJOAAOgAorRorO5seefFnd/wj3ytg +RccevyVs+HYwmh2AAKf6PF8m/IH7sdKxfi3u/4R5MAEeXNuB9NldRomP7EsT5bFhbRZz1+4K3b9 yPzOZK9SXy/I8tuLbzLiaMOEfORn1BrM1eNYtKme6TMKyK8kZXeHAYZAUkAlvuqM/eIrr9VsTbXz KV+7JgFxjP8A9Y1hazZ3FzpdzDbsqSvGTGcnaH65z3GQODwRweCa7nLmg7HBGPLVVz1aJfN8t+R3 yEIDk46jqOnf1rzfVRrF1qEs51jULLPHk20gCIB07Zz712PhrWk1zw7aaqifZzMhLoCCEcHBH0yK 191pI4LwxEn+/GK4ISUHqrnoTi5r3XY82g+3xySRzape3sU6ZKSy5Hr6Cp497nYnziQdDjPHtXf+ Tb5x9niPzdQq9MfSnKIUYGO2jSQHIKxYOK2VdLZGDw8nuzB8OaDLHei/vY5opolZISW4weuR+Fbm p6THqEeZQgmQYSX0/CnfaN+91kOCcdOnvSebIgPBOQTyc4Nc7nLm5joVOPLynHXWjXti0qiJjGB/ rUX5cGs2RXw6GPKbPTBFejLduN6EqNmMY5qOeCzeIb7WLZ3wuP5V0QxL6o55Ybszyy60y3u4vKuL eOSNhkeZ84yKxbvw3Y5ka2ieynOCXtpHj5HQgDjNex3Gh6TPIP3TK3QhWx/OsbU/DSW1o1wl1lI8 E5Tt0GK1hWpy0ZhOlUhqjg4Na8U6ZcRzWmt/bkLAm11FAc8cgSAZFd34T8U2/iTTneOP7Pf27iO6 tGIMkZ/qPQ1yps/MjCSFCgfOQnQ07w5p723xAs5YWk2XltKlym/hwmCD+felXpR5eZFYerPm5ZHo t5eW1pbG5uriO2jBA8ydwgBzxmqba3pUBP8AxMrIdTse5Qe+Qc1yvjrF7f8A2C5CyQR7HEcg3LvI 6kHr/n3rj20nTAEkOmWQBO1wLdP0yKiGFcop3Lli1GTVj2qG5iuYhJE6SRSYKFHDoQalSXMmU/du MgjHWvMfhxqMGmXWpeH5JWVRJ9pskbABjPUKfZs8V6UXGQepyAOP85rnnDldmdVOXOron+1HyxJG Q4HUZrjvG1yV1G0Ik2/uuv411J/dnICBDz8/v1FcL4nmN1rTRxgSLbDy++R3OfxrbCx9858XO0LG TFH9p2uTJ3GQTxW98PLOSO+8QuHzvniAzzsITvWVHGFRBnBR+49eldr4P06KPSW1FFljnvgkkhfg 8cD8MVtipe7YzwkOpzNonl/GOy34y/2vZ/3wMivVq8uXMfxf0k4JDvdr16fu8/0r1KuGpudtFWiF FFFZmx578WUZ/DwCjJ8qfj/gFdH4c3nw/pRkjKSC0jH38/wCub+LTunh0Fcf6qfPP+xWzoRMGhac Cd8Yt49h5z9wVtL+HH+upzx/iy+RPrulLf2pkQCS4iHygH749CK4iWF4gYpUeNwThJPbt716P50U jANkMBvB6VFc2lle7RPbpNt4Bf8Ax71dKvyKzIq0OZ3R5H/Zd1pV217oFybG4Mm94C5MEvPIdPfH atY+LfFgkIGn6NgdQJJevr0rsrnwnaTINsrRZPJyDn+VQnwfAC7G6frz+76frWrnRerMlCstEcaf F/jCNj5lpoj8fuzvlB6d/X9KfJ4p8XPEhgstGRoyDh5ZXyP0rsB4Siw4N5IY+vMYx+BzSHwfCg2v fN/s5jH6c0uaiVauccPFnjJC0n2HQXjByQjS5I//AF0v/CYeLA7B9P0go4zHmWT+eK7L/hDrYFgL o57gKOM/jSL4PhREC30mAcj5Qe31o5qIWrHHP4r8WFvL/s/RsP0HmSnP6U0+LfGEYydN0Zc8B8y8 DPeuzj8GwkYFy2ByMxD/ABpF8HxoQFvJuTkHYP8AGjmoBy1zk4PFnimRwlzYaS8W/OBLIDgehxR9 u1G8twL66M4BLpiMIB7H3HYmusPhKINn7a4Egx9wYB/PrU0XhizWHE088pPKsWCg+1NTox1RLp1p aM5BBulAXO+TA4HX2xXWeHdD/s9pbu7Qi5/1e0MCEX1GPXvWrZ2FrYriOP5gc7j8zcj1/wAKsm8j Vn3RtgAZOOKyrVufRGtGjy6vc4LxgqNr0g3YyqYOMjpXPRRxyHgojEdMY5FbXi2VH8QuNheLy05H uOKyosglZOATn1/Ku6l/DR51T+I/UrX3hiHUrKKWSMAuX8m6iPzxuD2I6EEVcg1/xhp8AQy6bfIC AJLmJ4HBH+5wa6rwCsc/h68EqxsBqM5xIMgHNas/hixnaQRmSGRzvI6/lXK6sJS987VTnFe4cNc6 prWoiS3urm3gglRP3VshBRwc5EnUgn/PqyKMIBscb8dCPQ12P/CIRGMAXkvrwoJHt1rTttD022mM nkmSUDKmU5/Kr9vTgrRM/q9WbvI5jTdDl1QxvNCRZtIRMJCQSMdBj37/AFruBGYnAjPyqm3YT+WK azIm1YzjaeF5AqIyxk7HTaQwcEZI/OuWdR1Hc7IU1TjY4e1aMfFq0SSMls3Jicdm2DOfwzXpteV2 ZZ/jDZEfdH2rOf8AcHSvVKmpuOj8ItFFFZmxwfxPh8/QCmAcwzDkf7FWfDV3bXfhiwNtcwzFLaNJ MHOCExg+hrptR02HUrYwzDjse4rix8PLi31CW507UmsPM2hvs7bfMwf4xjBrZNOKTexhytTbS3Oj JGEcs6YByMZx+NLG4J2O+SCM54z6GuZ/4QHW1mdo/FOoqrfw/aOP++dmKR/AWvuoB8VX/GNv77p/ 45U2Xcq8ux1aTlN4IIBPenrLIuzDDZzkHgiuSPgPXD5n/FT6h+8OWBnyv4DZxSL4C11UZV8Vajg/ wm4yP/QKLLuK77M61rho8DJwc9P5037SHDgkYfsR0NcqPAevjI/4SzUcdv8ASDx+lKfAuvtyfFep bva44/LZRZdwu+zOr8/zPZzgg47UG5kzk54HUYOa5R/A2vyOJG8Vah5i9GE2P02Uj+AtcZcf8JTf g5zlZyP6Ucq7hd9mdb5rgg4QkDh8Y49KDdfNkeWUPJBHNcn/AMIHrgZXXxVqO8Lty05P6baVPBHi BQFPii+IH/TbH/slHKu4c0uzOq+0ARhFfywcFO9NLkYwEQk5wDw5rlo/AmuxnA8T37J6PPnP/jlM XwBrkcSRx+KtSCJ0BuM/+yUWXcLvszqMnGADkngb84xTxL+8ydozgcnrXMf8IR4gLKX8UXrAHP8A rcf+yU0+BvEUaFoPFd75oO5PNmLJn3GOlFl3HeXYr+Jk2a5JgAfImzjvjpWYmxx5ZjJ5P3+MV3M2 gT6hDH/aElsLleGlgQgMO3B6Hp3/AKYg/wCEJiP3r6U85PyiuqFeKik2ccsPJybSKHw/cjQLgOM/ 6dOEPJ7966LzJNgBHTAAJ9DWLqPhXUrwpFZak2mW0R/dpZuVLD1Y45bOTn378k0f+EE1veT/AMJR fMG+8Hlzn/x2uVpN3udibStY6lpWb5wSjHj6YpskpMnG8uE5QHGRXJ/8IBrYbK+KdS6k/NcscfT5 eKk/4QTXN4f/AISrU8gYx9qO38ttHKu4rvszpNw3pvdwCBgOOM+xpUQo0S+Y4GeDx6dDXNxeBdci YkeJ9QIK7SrT7l/IpT4PBOtxI0cniCe4iZChjlbIx/3zRZdwu+zMzTgjfFWzlVwQ63O0pyGG0d69 QrA0fwzb6Vdm53+dLt2IWA+Qe3ue9b9E5KTuiqUXGNmLRRRUGgUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFA BRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAH//Z ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/a1.gif R0lGODlhKAAYAPUAAKwsHNx8HP+UTMxcLOSMRKxUFP+sVPR8PORkNLxEJNx8PPyURKRkPMx0HP+0 VMRUJLw8JP+kTNxcNOSMPPScVNR8LMxkLOyMROyMNMREJLxkFLQsHPycVOyUTPyUPMRkHNx8JLRc FORsNLxMJNyEPPycTNRsNP+8XMQ8JNx8LOyMTOyMPOSEPLQ0HP+0XPykXMRsHP////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////yH5BAEAADEALAAAAAAoABgAAAb/wJhw SCwaj8ikcslsOp/QqHTqZHw+DU0D1mhgveBvg8poBBqgCqiRQrPf7TWZTaFw6vh8XjMHqV4uBi8c L4WGhh8hcxUdJCsnJw4lEySULCQEXYpTZX4JIyWQDicRC5UkLBUafJxoHQobLaOQkQ4LlxUwrFJl Ih0EDwAItMQOEbmbvF2/Ci0bs5HFHrtRnSoEJBYixMQRGDDJ1a4ELBPQowYiEBsPH9RQ1pQCoicC AxsAIyaafb+PDg4OoADQYoACSrnePen0q0QJCfgSWLhEUVU4eA0qXFCQgeADBadCJpyTogMEiSRS Ugo5YYvCKmgIcOlCsyZNXX006NqpsyfPDFVzCggdSrToUChBAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/sad.gif R0lGODlhDwAPALMMAP/qAEVFRQAAAP/OAP/JAP6dAP+0AP/+k//9E///x//lAP//6wAAAAAAAAAA AAAAACH5BAEAAAwALAAAAAAPAA8AAARYkEkZap2Y1ZXOGRcWcAgCnEMRTEEnnLCQrtrxwjGoJSZw +yeCKnDo/W4EQ+WAawKSlZ4zqAwMpieFcGU9Cb7fp04zGPwACpmKVSa43bNMxUA3DDMsC20SAQA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/note.gif R0lGODlhbAAlAPEAAAAAAP////8AAP8AACwAAAAAbAAlAAAC54yPqcvtD6OctNqLs968GwCG4kiW 5omCXgcI7gvH8kzXtrhmrc33Pg04hHKW3e+IlAUVQ2LEmIwel4yms5rKarc4iPUqlIp/1KcK/Bmr b8WzE7qOu8qVL0uOf9Hbe10e31fXpQH3NxY4YeJnGIcokVLE2Lix9Sg5Scjldanm+Kj1FFDIScYB mShKGuX5SVIUpjrFMviaFuvDapbrQDd6G7OLFfzQy2V87EZhZ5rg+6unnJzT+8zmJf3WXG29sIxG 5bwtsOeN9gErDvSBbc6Uml5T3t6MXF8/j5+vv8/f7/8PMKDAgf0KAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/earth-f1.gif R0lGODlhvAJeAYcAAAAAAP7+/rd3DQAA/wCAAP//AP//AP//AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH/C05FVFNDQVBFMi4wAwEB AAAh+QQAAAAAACwAAAAAvAJeAQAI9gADCBxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPH jyBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsqXLlzBjypxJs6bNmzhz6tzJs6fPn0CDCh1KtKjRo0iTKl3KtKnTp1Cj Sp1KtarVq1izat1qEYDXr2DDguVKtqzZs2jTPvQaka3at3Djyp1bFIDArwPF4g1gl67fv4ADCw5p ty/fwwgLD17MuLHjxord8nVrWPHjy5gza8Zq+WDhvYY3ix5NunTPvnopFwxturXr17BHSk4Yenbs 27hz616Yeuxn27uDCx9OvLhx3r2TK1/OvLnz59Cjpz5OvTpp1sGxW//fzj2wdt3fu4sfL5K19vCe K6JHf5s9+ffwu1Z2z5B+YoX2XeePz78/7fl3qfZZXrZht9dkAK5n3H7+NdhgZIdVFiFqiFVoYYWd WQYcQQyW1qGDIL4HIWp4ZRigQeaNhaCJtC0Y4osw5hXhjHfRaKF5q+VYo4QtFvdhjEC6iJiGEO4o 45FIEjmkgj4G6WR/FC45I48HBgiaZGyReKGOHIL35JdguoTjj5CFaeaZJY2ZG5lotgmVAHDGKeec dNZp55145qnnnnuqiRubbga6FJ+EFmrooYjOWZuKsQEq6KNGwRlXbUjC5iikmAYlKVyU1ohShyZe epKomZa606Zvkdoc1Za8dSmUqqbGWhOqasFKUaiT7Ujhb0vuapOtsv8G+xKtaQErUYYa5jqlp6Ea e5GzwkaLErFoQesQlcxiSOOuvuFkrbTgikTtWd/Wp2KUuKJ7YbkTsRvuuxuNa5a793WproBDGqnv r6uF1S+jVla5YoFi/QswvJsdnB6rDC8ckbxlddpwR376im++CHrK71D0IiyVxK06XN9EEJMlcccN oUySyh5vZ2CSE5LILYEJkizApBxGSRPL5bUc7Wy+bqvxgDYqKVHJAQyg9NJMN+3001BHLfXUVFdN aWeWSqf11v5y6fNjWC6LMY66lljpQ0hXrfbabLfNdqcbmsbzrSh+nZnFY2s89LpnO5T2AFmd/Oer dds9mOB7Y1y0tlplHn2zQkoH7urEo82tXuGGe1clj9pm3PmBWdq8UOScCUl45oL+LXmTRFmOemyq l85665i/DmTsV7ke8VEv287p5FtibSV+egOfEO5W6W4yUr37XqyMnEPPZXg6e3384wmRnrvpRjX/ 7zy5+sq8L98Smu25wAchX9WiccutlPffLy90+TfmiO3ilAukPlUgD/5+/Dij34psRL4jcQs0Ddnf VPrXHqYoD4AySZf0+seioBkPIQokCAE2yMEOFuCDBeigCEfIQRCGkIQkNCEKVzhC9nnJgRCslY60 JLz7qQZ/9MngQFCoQhamEIQ+9CAQgxhEBjaqKQ+M4UvIlqsi5WxRjBte3wyiQ4FsEIZTtBQSleig KgbgikthXxI/tsUsctE6XgTjurpGM4EV7IluZGPA2DjG1YXxgmfcThoJYMaf1FF2d+xjHo2zR0Ge hntJMeIgqVPI4nEMkczD4yKP08j88eSP28OiRCMnSUnsIUR7CFEjJiEyyvWVkZPjqWQiIck7VJJH lZGc3f9cKR4vhlCTwyllu2hZLK4pTHSQA5xCbhlGXxrzmMhMZnRO/8nL3WHkUrYsQDNbachpOuVS 0PTkQUB5kA9W05o7kyQ4oYLNjKRRmpscp7fEqU5mXg4j5/xmO5fIznnO8lnm1KZBuGkQUYLzXNYr HnvKKU970u6Z+RydMBPiz2leLWUBjeix6mlQauITnvosCD8L0tBmvuyGCGyiFEWK0IqasqQXgaU1 gYY3I9FQesq6qEkXmJFsKnQhamznDafUrfJ1K51tmSn/1vIdmwYTp3ysqATtBVOYoVSo5PxXv0YK VIio1KNMdekETyTA9pESqmRsY+MGRtEEZpQgG9VgUtUJ0PCBlEg1e6ouwUqQPslJLwYDwF0TVaeb KqSjdIWJIgM7K0o96TVOchTrXvk6J78ydK1znedgCTsTpInxPABjV1p3CFnKCrasnm2JZaWamAKZ ZLNW7KxD60VP4EU2sKN9qkhQ+0XVYlVkLWGiJf9Dy5LYynQktAUsLSMjvvP1ima6Su5IrzRZ3lb2 rAXtEUmCu9Z/KktdyhXghLIbxWyB1rku8e2qSkJdnX5ujp2DmXZ/EzrrvTa04n3ndBcayuqu9Lx8 E2hTcXVB3YL3JvGlG3npe5Cc3teG+03weruruKr+FyYB3uWAkWpezhXXhVJcsOc2XL/oPngkEZ7o hP9q2w+n6bsmBjF0HXyt0xLYIMTcbYrlOmPgUk0gUwOA256m4x37eCExfu84m1vji1QNx1LrsY+X puQlsw3I6JQxF9GnX5YQucgVoW2IgyoTb7I4j9E7G8+ujOWJaHnFUpYuTAgQZeuiSEDo8qpHhNxS zjOH7LcvYbN5p3dd/J24zDZeyJa/KhMDr/bN7eUplUFCZ3XamXiydYmhbzu5paak0eN8tJrlu2b7 3tetfWbRnwEdEk2zdrwxES4vQTeiONOLzP+kfoipcSvgVJc41hqBNa4ZMuvacTrPt971bzFNy15L lMu29rCw1UxsVxobxZuWdLCXXes0A5qIqd1gD5PqQwD4cNsk9HYJh0jEcX+w3Gwmt6e7p8x2u/vd x2Rms7+H7dqCm9ssFPcPz91tbau73PdmYcBxKZx505raj3UsBtFM0NYY3KL3RDiFj6qQQa8lKP79 srKr+vDuuVPi9VV4+hheU4wDCM+EPnXBPw7ynG2QYF5RWoq+AqeZHwyvcJRZHG+e2DeK1WClJVCG t0vV4GHp6BPreF1YLnHWTBqtLy6IxVsMlBFF8WIdVi9Mvar0gwZS40V2+rqhLmiSR3onVh98YAXh 17WfJp2VHt/4g8UuciqaHeVoXxb9oudfJor64C/8urVNTHeKX+/OqPbJvbjKYApu3Wgqz468W174 7EW9rnc3V+TzPra0Hzfny1USk6CNma7rzfQIq/wnLx8wSCM3Z0VHfTiz2kBcyv5rTx/IZn1eu7bP Z3Ov8VPtBf/f8gKPXfesF8udDltz3g9ssYyNvvSnT/06Cf+IBC8+R4+P5P+AZfl3/WVYoF/98pv/ /IYF/fBXqf2ExHj13l/0jcSf2eBX2n/sbz9C3r9N1g9w0/LnRvbnVNgXS3L3YazhZZZXdoj3a9cB dxh3bMKWgG3WfwzoeonnITHxS2EVdwdIeBxVgfvkfwEwdRClH5/1gRHogWBHak4nghpFgiY4MijY WqS1d6EXWfN2e6+jehZYcZnngJWzgYLjU3sTZjfRbDzYg9tXd1IXhNWmgRGkM/y1RvI3E8S2hACU e90HhA0YhQ9IgJfWeOnVgim4gioYa1zIgfoDhRLmcPdnEg+DBWoWVobrhIZmCHK553yY94Vv6D5C N3jqwWo1g2EclhN0lnH6Z3zxF3NQg2RR02RLJolOVomWeImYyDQPpYVYCG+eKIGLyFmNSIlLA4lQ Q4pug4qZuIqs2Io85ipyJhqcSHlNWFpsOIN+KItxWIChGHG1hR9XiIsYKIWJM2fycYUnaIP/vZh/ qeWEfTiMYDiEo1Jy1Cgmy0h8XJg0MuiGIgaHcvhEb9YwdUg0xoWEY5hzNgdzO7eO6hiLi+iDI3iB 0faHxLgyYjhWmGOEiwM0yniNLPiLhrdwuYhsgDhqcmSOxdgs5pOGGeiPSpGNz5aGs5hb05hOCJle VVhlFOmQTQGR2ziQKVeQ/0cx93girPVS+1JD/ciRvHOFEZmHgJcwpBeSoMN4wQN7a1c9grgRE6l9 fIh88rh53SiS1pIf3+I6PVl8YrFC2ZZu/IZvK6RvPPRvIiSVTnlC6HaV6BZwQcSV30aVK+SVKGSI H7EeyFiN1siSSzdHVtlBqXVvTRluYQmWjlVpbli5lXS5b3cJcHk5l0/ZlX05ljNZemq5lgMTHi+5 k4PpHYsJNoXpdSP5g4cHjfQYhq2Hf49ZdbW4gF5ImUNZjyuXmXgIkJw5mfP4mZaZS6JZF+KmjjKX V7TSduiFjnmVjrZZm7hJm7opVre5m2yZmwzpmKtZFB4ZlDEZkqApecNJFMXZmadJkMm5G0moqX3N aZpCCZ2pGZrLKRTVKZCeiZ3SSBzTWXzdOXIgeXE1KJ7bORTlaXfnSXXeqJ7rGRTt+YTIEW/64Yn6 uZ/8mVjzyRP1+Yz/OaBLEaADgTQEmqA+wX/x6JwK+qBCwaAxaJwQWqE8oYDw56AWuqE5gaGS6Z0c GqI3oWcBaZ4ieqI0QaKlCaIo2qLS5owHimYuOqMiYaBtSKM4mhI2WoIymqM+mhE7iqA/pTqkFRGk PUqkSAoRRpqkTAqk3KeNFNqkUvoQSzqlVqqkT5qYV7qlzVii7smlYBpyXmqfYVqmagWjN2qmalql alqmbNqmYPqmcLqlcspoZ6mTYoaWc6pOdWqM31RUoAife8qnWfqRspGPE0QZcKZcG4ZAKDmohIqm PJomcJMv2EV0RFOFmWqSkDpOfWqnW4VdfkeGaieGnTpNn0oYWiWqfLZgGqaYp9vqPKnKk7uIYCkZ ao/3OeMZq8QxqzwJfAk5dC71e0KHNYnGq7zkq8g6o8q6rC3arM56otDaFmzIESGFnrsarbcxrch5 qDAZnNr6LtyKnk5FiIg2Ph/1eXvnjuFqOxJKdhqaa9eqqfdnWvZDhd2Vre3qGu8KlPGqp1Tye/w4 Po70d/m6r4PkoQ1qnbS6iw1Wr77mZ0f4rQjrMQo7of8qW4/6d9oFseNok/pasaShohnKsLkWjsV1 iMblGVjXqE4UsiK7GST7oSYas89aqFFqsxs6rjq7njxLMdV6nT2kG6ljKqBWBm0wO7TV8bPWylQp G1IXBqtKazhM+6tXMrFaxThJO7WwUbUnu1/nUiICKzxcO0lei5YGi4P5VbaodLY09rEiha9by7at 4bbP0lahJzQrS7dmi7MZy7c+67cmC7jzOa1zS7jBAq1ki7iLqLhSy7hF5riHC7mZ0qwXSbkSZ7lB i7nLpqyKKK9Q5H0hMlAUy7kW4bmBeittVVSbyx2LC67xphsRdltTOFewP0kexqqoL1t0seukkop+ fFW7lZIawFu8xnu8d/JVdWipCda7G2GkyMsnwmtAh8l80Xu92Et95Iqni0dWzqsRO7ozt6u7rVsd sjlD4fO9HtGvXah45eufuGs/1IuRsBu77AulVceuvCsiM8SPfKe/6gtlkhrAonmx8ErAAzqzC4vA hQuDB8zAgTvAEMyS4auUZzmIpItHk2tQFUyLpStdZhmIe9rBIBew+MosLYtZKRKIjhpTFyytguuP rpq++tg3fKd3iXqrRErCTTevq4pe8FOGaddTBrTBtMTDCDeqOLy2Njy8Syw2Wd03pEhMbUpMvwSL tR0WNKHzqj86xSJjxPxLWsW4t2IMtd61xboKxpzkxeH4wRNMV2wsv4/7xkIVx1mlxnTsIHZMvXic x/6xx9nSx37MH4CMIYLMmH9Kg4OccEVLkIcMGGGTjM+5yKRZsoGVLHvLK3Dlxs7rka74yaAcyqLc NneLnyNjQRVkkh1LyZu5eqP8yrAcy6CMwaYcMsS1kJdaqqzMiOFSiscCwCXlRIlzwgS0y6L4Lr5M VB0TV9tyqY9qzMeMzLQFjueIwsycu8UMzfcbK8kMjI8MudvMzbT1wqnQXBQGLC3dLMblDBXnjM4b Rc7rzJwO3MvcBM/xzJ7zTM8DcLv3XKBPCi77DL/9zBTZCC7TO9Ad+c/SctAI7c+Zw9ANnRQFLS0E EBYKHdHcedGJ+3JewUEYndByWL7U4dFqpdEfDaAm3ZDxQdLbl9InjRMTracrnXss/dLM6dKqa8/C UdPGh9M2XWg+jZrkwdP1FdQ//aKjBh9E/VhGfdQrEdNn1x1LTWJNv+3UKAHVpQzMuTHVSFXVVl0S WO0mXM0QY/3VtpaV/vaXfKnWAheYU8nWgAnXb72XRCSWfknXdy1CFxHWZq2jaG3Xc42Xcv2Vg53X a43XhI3YbV3YIjRwe+3Vff1gfB3ZkQvZlO1ck53TsYinly2rlq3IJ/jNnT0XmV2ZLWw2Wj3aFP3Z 95lo5Ng4oq3aaFHaqOl2ihPbsm0WtA2dHUvMuU21rD2Mz+zbv+0zIp3VLyV8uF3cWnHczM1bzv3c nhXdTNJNWNRd3XR13dgNVdq93TPV3d6tVDod3kIF3uQtWeN93uKd2uptUObd3v+U3vCtU/I930NW 3/a9Uvid3x613/w9XP7936j03gLOSQSBXuCLdOAIDmYBvuAMzt4OPuANHuFKpOAUDkEWfuHxk+Ea 7jwc3uG28+EgjjoiPuKGU+Im/jVsKNCwGH9ZtNwpnr/tsx+cncVCG+NAsuLnqmhEZ8O6e8YQjuPW seJu99qqPFUtnrWXK+TxoeNAV6mbFMlqN7ZMDiNOrnXzK47eJTYwRF7lNXHlKGzjp5fkyT3GXu4f RH61Khlm9Re31nzmozvhcO4xKD7nwlLndp7ner7nfN7nfv7ngB7ogj7ohF7ohn7oiJ7oGIq+6Ize 6I7+6JAe6ZI+6ZRe6ZZ+6VgREAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/earth-f2.gif R0lGODlhvAIOAYcAAAAAAACAAJmZmf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH/C05FVFNDQVBFMi4wAwEB AAAh+QQAAAAAACwAAAAAvAIOAQAI5wAHCBxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPH jyBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsqXLlzBjypxJs6bNmzhz6tzJs6fPn0CDCh1KtKjRo0iTKl3KtKnTp1Cj Sp1KtarVq1izat1qEYDXr2DDguVKtqzZs2jTPvQaka3at3Djyp1bFIDArwPF4h1gl67fv4ADCw5p ty/fwwgLD17MuLHjxord8nVrWPHjy5gza8Zq+WDhvYY3ix5NunTPvnopFwxturXr17BHSk4Yenbs 27hz616Yeuxn27uDCx9OvLjx48iTK1/OvHC58+fQo0ufTr269evYs2vfzr279+/gw4sfT768+fPo 06tfz769+/fw48ufT7++/fv48+vfz7+///8ABijggAQWaOCBCCao4IK77TVZZZL1JuGEFFZo4YUY Zqjhhhx26OGHIIYo4ogklmjiiSimqKKF/4BVhthhLubFmkwC4FTjTTfalGNNO9LU40w/0mgjTjP6 1dmRBAEXU5BLDomjkzpCyaOUNBVJF5Ix3mXlS0zC1CWXVAIZppBPlmnTlnGhlteLtaHZ0pcuwfnm mE2aOaWdPhIpWJZIyoinmH+SGWWgdQ5qaE1uplXbmllORqiXdEL6KJiTxhnpS4meFZaWELKmpKSH 5lnpnKOyJKepl7qU6WOfUhoqoK8Kemeshc6K6GutWlrqSqfymiqptIJqa5W4rppSryohe+yvqO6a LLO+3mQsZNOepCxK11oL7bPOLtsttnq6liuww8JarqyiBuvquTFVu9i4zaqrq7zkpsuusEf2Eiuu uyVla5K//W7rLb3x3ruuvq3BGy3BCxs8r8P1mpvvTPzuWfFIAJOUMcYCg/utth//G27CF4u0sckd g8wwtysPDDFLJf//pTDLLzc8MboS54zzzu0WG3LAP2ucsshBc1y0SDFf1SZlts3s8s21Qo2vzlFT PbVMSVc126J3JZm1RyeHFDZIY39UNthDA92yx2e2yCZoa/q5tso10yz1wVbjzTNMX1PFJ5teHy12 2kILTjbhRs9tUt9TFdknWAJELvnklFdu+eWYZ6755px37vnnoIcu+uikl2766ainrvrqrLfu+uuw W864VI4DLnfdT+f98N276x7x3pjuGTeMwzuquNq4s5083bz/XjXWwsvY6Wqza3R2R9dzlP1G21uP OMqGmz2yaU4r33zB59vsO/rrqw/9vuGjHT/23w8+v/b1g1S9WuVSM9++3f/LHfB6N0Dn8c1nxytc AhO3PKItEHwPJAwCG4i89AGwgOzDoPue1zP4RfBw9+Ne/sQXQu+VMCP7U1QKL9K9jLQQIy9k4Qjl 90ES1tAjK//UVA4rEkOL9JCHM6TfCWEYRPxJa4IWFCAHr7ZEvTWRgE9syQ7L0j8HUlCBV2RgEs0X QC6+j2RDlGEYfVhEEY4RiGekyBTJUsUKdtF/GrxgFDM4xw0e0INZhGAe7XdDIfbRiH/cyBq50kYs bhGOdZQjExfpREaqColvtOIhJRlJN8ZRiY6UIiQv6cVEYrKRoIRiJul4R7dJ75SBC6QJVenCMq5y jyBkJUYGeZQIMap4hdRiJQ25S11yEpGjtGPwZGY74nXtdpO0pCc7GUxFhtKAz4RZ9ADXqFzqMZm8 /CUltanMZn7ykYH5W4wgF7tymvOc6EynOtfJzna6853wjCdALWs5vD5pKY0T+SFF9JlPV7YSnxLh Z0DHZ6R6FtN4sLRhQmm4UD82FJAPFeQ0H4RKZPbymhflY0RfiU1fLvMk8//MijU12lGMcjObH91m Srs5TDDKUowvJSNAIyJQmvqTiEfEY0lJmtFYbvSfMUVjUNW4yZWi1JvMjKYwRalUZ4LTpT/F6VD7 OVOI1NSqN4XprXTaU4Xu1Kdf9WpXGRpWHBYVqcBs6jehydS2svWt0uTqST2KVpXWlaVuJaVaURJS zvS1IVd9SGAdMljAZlWmUx1oVddy1r2mNa9LhWtk9QpZp2pSrkalq2Ptulm8StaylL0sVMvqUNJC 1LRmTKxNF+uQv1plpGAda2lle1rapjaqWkUY+Vy7kMIyxLe9PaxQcYtY4g5Xt6WBrVjnatLMNveu R+1sdJ+6W9Ya1rq/Fe4bPrVLVdVChLd+A29CgKsQ8o6Xu4r1rmDRu9q2/1GLaZ4SL0LMO1/2YhW7 wcVvee3LWMgkCZfyPQh9Bcxfwhb4uuo1sH5p8141HfOeCUawcbe74PpWmMAXNkiAg+KicX4lniAO sYhHTOISm/jEKC7xholiT4SilqM0GrBBZEyQyB04uxkuCI3/e5kWSyYAtl0lkGMMpSEvaccD2ZGR ocvAJUtXNv7tWjX7EoAqM9d+VXbym5AskBtlmchm+rJz+ShmJiPNMQ5y0D2zbGUzD47NWuYVlwdQ Izgf2Ul2djMI8/zkM8PPymzu85uBHOg4zbnOhC6zqQ4tEEArerLRcnSbP5uSFa/EwR1hy6QfvVZU bXrSch7Sp+NsLUYPYP/UlfUWqinNVzZKGYd20TKnMwLnRzNa1qDeSK1zbeMn4ZrUF9m1k3s9qF9/ RNg6xrNBZo0RZNeYoJxBTPW8kutGVzvYwl7yoa/N7IpkW9vbjnO3KfLtGt9a3Ne2SLmTLGp0A5vc 2X52TrdimWkDIN3phjdCJh3ufb9bIvg2MrF5FHCOFLzL5/a3wUnN73YrXNcMFzi0o/0ijlAb2PkG eMTZjaN8ZzwiB6dzvx9O640j3OEkb7bJ6Yzyg3wcIiGfs6WbcvGEvNwhGW/zyF3+74fkfMgD95HH e47zd+s83BgnekN+3uWWL1vpDGE6y+etFa5Z/N5Gh7rNpb5znqs86ydB7zjYsT32oAPp4zdfyLh1 bqO1a93fZZ94eDcFa6l7m+hW7vrTsb10IJudRnbXd9T9rve9qxvvfm/7v9O+9b5P3b3/9JYN1tX+ 9oLcPO84GfepK0+QyxM+82jn/EA8L3LQ95zxXh/842ui+c0f3vEyL9bpRW9t2INe9XeH/ZxfjnrD U770NyF97lW/e97T3vXEl3vj9FJ3xwt+8MV3/kTSXuW/x0T401d69aMvfY0Xnfu4z/73la8Zaved 84yvfvA9j36ob3/9iG+/zwNg/Ze03tryH//6i57/vnM5ADNXaWomSMbSe7Wnf6znfv0Hff+ngOL3 fQ3ogN6HgDRxfwcIcgr4fwEIUjx2dfP3gP63f0UHggwogt33gRBogic4ghQ4ExaIfBg4fxroasWj EU5jgKinfjaRfpWXg/TXgCgIc1r3/347OIQ9aIQRGIRKCH3Bt4GL04ETMYDl03tUeHwh4YMxKIRW CBJYKIQYuIXH9nZVmIUJSIYsuIQyAYBUNIBtAWBZ+Gi7NoFl6IWb52Rx+IUq6HxwWGsaB4YegYND tod8hobXd4T4Z3l8aIYu6IRAMWV9+G2FpohpeISQGIlamIfnV4kGWIeYmImaSIIu2H6auImbSBJq SEhZ42FeITrbJwBwhjqtSGI/GDqt+Iqnk2UnNougU4tsBouxOGK6uIuzaIum84siFoyfw4u4eIvI GGKnyEYx44hz+HWlOHr0V4R+OIjZh2QvSHndyHNAWHLf+HThSI1WWGWMyFcXI40VSLh7lXh33FiN 7whv8eiOkAiPnch/8UaP+eiJd5h96VgSI8WOoZh92miJMoiNBomQCNmChSiKDDmOm1eOWhiRpHiN RbiQgth+AYk0XyOFG1iFs3eESXiJ3qhxJTl/I4mSt2eSCjGOOpiRLrl1R9iRdRGSRqiSGJiSK0iT Owl/dHh+P9mPqSeUQgh+PQl3GGiTZiUWsEaUvmeUOLd6oZiTOulzVDmJVsl/MJeVkxiUUrl0XlmI YDl4Q1hx/8mFk1e5lr/Hkyc5ky+ZeArJlXDZeEj5lmwZl2MJEzwohtQHZEyZacwnmFDZeaJoe3OZ lHipl26pl32ImDKpmHGJeHtpfxKIh6oXmEKhXH94mZLodY3ZeKCocKGZcmVJmi0pmY7ZlqkZfp+5 d5pJgE5JmJHpmqcJmkB5hq+JiJXZEi9YiqR3l6u5m4bZm77pmbcJm43lEuz3eo5Zmoh4fKHXdIk5 mc4pmsLJc9K5eEDXmj45fKIZmzb4IGw4Szi5kuD5cBGIns+nnvDHnqPJm8bJEq0nkdb4e/O5EvVZ jTD4cOL5E5zZEfvJd8/5nrYph+6JjbNHoNhpegdKnMhXfP8Lep3+SW+D6YFRMp0U6nsJN5zxeZ/U maHcyaBF2aGimZ4c6nRF2Z6+958otEMBij8aendJx3Eiip80eqImapqPSXI7uqIGqaMqGpVBSnIu aoMxmkpTEnjgKWag9qPyyaBOqm1DWpwqZ42BSKW+NnZS2mZPWqUg2qVZCoXQ+JQ3qpTi6GwhuqRJ l43rtqZ5MnRuuo9wKiZyqhH3aKNs+p3mmIgPZqEplKTeE3B+iH+JpmVQeogQJ2kzBqb2CXeH2qhb iqZ4+mWclqicuKiRuhqoKHmT+nSFel9nGp2Q9izcxp/HZafuVqrLcqqh2l8idaENMRYUpaRxamys Ci7V9qhvuaWqoBpanoaroOUru4qqFXGk1EWQvmqYryqqe8qsrKYtucarvSok02qsqWqtdoitRMUY tKqsZLJqwBppRkat1Von4pqrIJOuw8ot7FppUWZMFSeo/+Sl3Jqt6Jqlzdped2Kv++qsouKvgrZn +tpS/0YCHI/zYSlWfcuYYs5Ifw3rsPHEsMYose1Esc1oseuEsSCGrAcErvlqrkDVrw2prkSjjePq riXbrqq2svDqrbf0p/QqVSI7sulSs1I1Kzh7rqCys8V1s/d6ER4LMxHSNBuYI0HLs66StD8LK0yL rz37r92ls1IrEUObEzOrtKmWVFv7WNHKWV0LtqJVXRGGY2WbX2e7Xzkmb2nLYJilZ8s1ZrF1ZXMr t3ELt2b1tgN7t3tLVkFms3+bsy+GQsv5tZ6Vsp1msoeruNNluCRxtURytDeGthM2tYMruIGrtWOb lmurp5eruYjLtY6rWWErkIUbul6LumKruovLsqLLulSPe7qMS7qj+1x9O1t0y7elG7t6u7u0C7u/ O7u267vDW7sS1LvGW7d4i7t267e567zNm2my67qpK7w89bzMu7y1hb0WN72JS72ra73Ke7vbG73l W0r/ZFu56aW+/Pq5Tcu9t+W+x+q9ryu+upu89wu8xau/19tBo5W572u+8QvAUEu+Awy/44m8/Du+ xNu/2nvAAgxjCEy44eQ102OrBExhbWthG4xhHSypH8ypLSJObhjCbMu+AJvBlqvC6yu/3VpQJCyz ktu5dTrBmGvDoGu/0Iu+BfVgCbuKGhvEQjzERFzERnzEIwa5gml1HVbCKLxeNJyf4Nu631vF9asS SgxlPnxQWRvADyzBEQy4OOzFBgzGPHwlBgWyXyzGYXzDbZzDU9y4C/wRWexnnFJREPbECmbCnsvC 7evHKTzG86vAOpy9ZczGa+zGiQzHVsyBhBzHwQvJPPtbyOd7yIpsyUJLv9UryQ6MyWTcwAyMvzts sJzLxzX8xp8syoYMyvlLyRL1yI0cvpwcynM8yqxsy6rcvf+wfMWxTMW8/Mub3Mty7MoJ/L+CrMF6 LGEuvMLHzMyoPMjG/MzIvMwtDMhQbMpSLMxaHM2LnMq1vMq5DMHdXMC3LL27HMzALMvaPMmz3Mrt jMtxxc2eTM7hbMbzPM3WvMfJzBB1XCUzjM2mBtCTq7bY3M8U88/7TLnU/MfNXM0NzdD+m74LHcjS 7MzjjM8PTdEXHYWarM7p7MvoHNIeLdIgPdJPWMHSgxpGG8UBndAE7dLnxdLkxz9Wx8UIPdHXDNMc rNMezNMgvFUwnNJbbFEZndM4rc9Hrcz5rNRF3VrT1MQyLNNSLdBT7dMinCa2pGG2Q05I3NVe/dVg HdZiHcQnBk3HnmHTVZ3UZmvVJ6zWCr3U/PzUMTuvNw3Xb93UTF3RDq3XEH3G/3OxNHjsYnb90m5N 2IMd01Rd0B1d0ow9zO8Mzt9cyeUs2ZtLGl1Mz5Etzvds0Zu91xvt2aRs2XWN12td2IjN1n1M2ncd 0aWM2qf82X3d2bE92ZpN28Us0Ye906at27nd07vt272t1eds0o0dyevcybaNyLKt0aE9GpeN0XzN 3Ml9ydPNyB/t2C8rz9XtzcSs3NuN2d1N3fVMwdo93uKd2fb83dAN29Jt3pk83MXNzsdNy+Ft3SSN 3de9zbit2obN36f92z8N4MkWxWXdLqMd3UYd3AOe2K6dza0G3/h938ad3/JN4cjt3tyNxeFUtBdM 1AiO1Are1iGe2h+e1+wNqydo/GoqTtdpPeKvvdwJ7t+8LeNnPRhY4sQCLuI0HuAu7uASXuE/frz/ wgPVLM7gOU7iJw7iO77gDV7gQrs1W6zGMK7kJV7aPd7SR/7i1NXD1ITjVz7Q//3lLb7kZPrXHehj B57kJj7la67enO3moL3lckF3acbhK3LneJ7ner7nfN7nfv7ngB7ogo7ni02DNg6z74Lo5Q0XTm7W if7oh84gkj7plF7pln7p5tnoT97hZn7Hf83hVwLqVGTBgZ1cNcg/c63px4ppqm61qT7nr96pUX7q zk3rjH5Qb1Fvtm4WnrLro77ira7VMYyWlu3rioLrqM7qcw43f5rrqtHsIpXGxo4ZjQLryI4WDlbt xw7s1i6vwV7jXQ7ttS7uqD7UjO4b0x553J4mLrFOSNJO7puh7eVu7tYu75rS7rmO71X37sQu2t/e Ft/63PTk6cvO6edu8PteUeWBiekM3/AO//AQH/ESP/EUX/EWX/Gb8u8Xv/HHofEc//HG0cSfUeqv Juogf/L10WG6Lu9soSb2jvIwrx5Q7fK0KsLZ7vExn/OGruvymhjHVNM6H/TnMfPrbvNFL/RIPx5E L21Mw2M3j/NJH/X5LvVULyBQX/VYn/Vav/Vc3/Ve//VgPR/2Yj/2ZF/2Zn/2aJ/2ar/2bN/2bv/2 cB/3cj/3dF/3dn/3eJ/3er/3fN/3fv/3gB/4gj/4hF/4hu8RAQEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/earth-f3.gif R0lGODlhvALmAIcAAAAAAP7+/v//AACAAMzMzMzMzMzMzMzMzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH/C05FVFNDQVBFMi4wAwEB AAAh+QQAAAAAACwAAAAAvALmAAAI5wADCBxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPH jyBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsqXLlzBjypxJs6bNmzhz6tzJs6fPn0CDCh1KtKjRo0iTKl3KtKnTp1Cj Sp1KtarVq1izat1qEYDXr2DDguVKtqzZs2jTPvQaka3at3Djyp1bFIDArwPF4g1gl67fv4ADCw5p ty/fwwgLD17MuLHjxord8nVrWPHjy5gza8Zq+WDhvYY3ix5NunTPvnopFwxturXr17BHSk4Yenbs 27hz616Yeuxn27uDCx9OvLjx48iTK1/OvIy58+fQo0ufTr269evYs2vfzr279+/gw4sfT768+fPo 06tfz769+/fw48ufT7++/fv48+vfzx/x2rb9BShgXQBCxNqACFJVW2LWHbjXZKjddZhqEj6Y4IVR SXaghNWxVpl/kd0V4Yf+YWiiU5Z19luHq+VV4mQuVhjjhifWaFSKIHJInYcu8hihjBzSaMbjkEGN mOOL0fEI5ISIfYjaj0RGOZSRJAppnINjQZgXhSqKeKSUYPpUWYpQ6liclWGmadaCMJK45ZVqxkka cLihKeedi9H5mp149imYnqbx6eegfwEqmqCEJkqXoSj2llpXikaKGaJIOfooRZRKqulbjCpl6VcE ENApbZuWClmmQokV6qqsioqqmabGGtioRHnV6q2r0tqirLwOpitQtob66auv9mrsVr+eNmyWBh7r 7KxM6YWrsJkW++y1VyWbU7DTspqstdjKhqsguDJxO2yz4qYrl7Y0LcssQ+SqKy9U7MYk7bS0xjvv vo2mCkC3rebL78Cc6nuSuZ82ZDDBDCe1MEnuWtjwxH7Vm9K9uFpM8cbZPjxRxCD3xvHIZWl8Ucgo h0XyylyZjOm/GcMMsLcyx8zyzZzBiBK3Adc8s6sAu4zz0KfBKpvPuSIdtNJJE+10hm+WxDPNP1Pd rdBPZ11TbR57xvTUM4NNs9Zke2oQ1ol9zTS+a7ta9ttHbYj2ampXnfTScOc9JW1diw203X+zrf93 qSrDa3SJbPJ2E5pz++0323gPTvh/SObopkJda2Tnwo63fevjbqdVOOaHJ86k5FqNqbqIkSmJI+tb jrj66TsrrG/ngAduc1QDDEC5Q2XGSHvmqBdt+YxeIg4klF2q5iTxhtt+ct2Agz43Tb1nD/zZzmv5 2a6vh6hl8U8xf6T5PabP+pPC/8YW9NEDby3u1bd9vUzZ5287Xs/PWKaRTdLZ5chntuMFSUcLchIC CWI+Ja0EVeyin92sB7+V5O+CvlMc3d7HwAWq73QqehcBHbbAKnlQeB7k4JKa5xmTEKtaKYshUzB4 wfiVsINfGl4ABzjCpcxufCvcFQpVCBr/BS+8aiKZn4FimLKl0LCGGvSf8nL4IgWesIfKuZ8QJZIv z8Usd9RSyhOhiLkscdBHKKziB4GIReZo8XBLhJcXPzfHniFljBhsY5jeGC9DgQ5yYHzjSQRASELi UY9qup/B9PTHLwaygiLJXyENSUZEJvJhmMQSGHU3QUiChIaTFID2LIkntHlsNo2k4yYFGRI8DmCS pCSU0DI3plXWcWxAcWX2BBBLRd0uibe82yNzqcsM9tKX5IJfKntmS58Us3f/x9yUxZQZTGo1kyfP NGY0NVUv6C3TarljZUayqc1tShOChKkmJ6smzotk05zG+hZIvinMcHqSIu+E57F0RTx6WnOYNsmn Pp8lsDIy8aAItVQrnznQdIlwi15LqEQn+sZJurKh8lrR2Xijzk169KNN88guC/lEjGaUgQ4qI0hX ytKfXQ+UJNWfSU+KUh6itKU4zWlIx4lHi850XzTiH990SlSWCi2bvPwpv6wksdhR9KlMdCc5lTqw zUkMqliVIT6nSlWCMQ6JXRldRJtaU7JCyKwTIWc5uwrUKMLuY2Ll3kM3CKi4SlWgbPWqW8Eqx7k6 lVF2/StH1LrWvLaVdGH1Cuv6ABvYswotlHj/Naxz/BpUuSpTrkKk1OYMmtXOioUhGITsISUrHZuS CodwzIgD3YROxKbNs7Bt6jNFW0nSQqdK3aMMKiO6POf9UIWwWhFaGeRar4XyuMhNrnKXy9zmEtIr hL2gaG3LoiB+L4B0Q+11+6dD9qURfQU6rXGdS97ympe50I2udAlJ3QY9yDfnS1twy2o5+JrJdWnc XnHpdt7++te86VWvTNtb3fbpsHJr/BILtYvaA85XYXvd0n8nTGHkBljABMaO68SH3SEasEnbNaBt WJtfPn11vBVO8YQvTNgMZwdLTCIxfd/KtRj/tjOxYzBExUtc/qr4x/1lcTFdvMeLQXi/IgKyipLL K+QxEjmRRrZhC7m35CqjFwBOfvLNTBxhr1j5yxa+p5ZlxWUkexnMaH6umMccqzLz2LGx7Sybyebm Hi82zlld7JxxVueNvsyW16yIyD6y5vsqFnlT3jOcpOxnLqrTn6HziKMEjWDCNDh6lVX0cfq8Y/kB GqA7uxTpuBviJ6HvvTjGEpXO6MAU4v9Y03NidKfl+Gl7ziSwIayQ7G5o3eTpmbsgvm9mgw3rQB3Z zmt5tLLFhOjuGhiE9p0ifdl0udVSsdiHkvWlbVfr+onJjB/s0gGDV+1hU9vDDDYttiel7Rwnu9ud NF6Pdn1gBatvtzgEbodNF2zvrjvWER6rH5UdaJ2g0beGNh2qEWdGDgdRsG3yUqH/raB2c9ZDBAd1 qmZNQooDHMlt0S282TnxjbTaYcP1uGM2a/KM21rl5GO5al3ubZjHPOB/fmTBbT44mU9v5C4tOc/3 2WU8G/3QQ19q0Y9+9KST7MRbKqrUPdpOpw8K6iKautZrbvWNYR3SW9dp1bvep693NOwCOB3/O9lL GUWmM33tXm+7240O97iDfImNvTOd9PLalNd9aMXiO98+a1m0Ev7v0RR8382q+MILHfFVzTuchXR4 gT8e8uWbu+Y3z/nOe/7zoA+95yUl+tKb/vSoT73qV09R0p8d7bCPvexnT/va2/72uM+94CIFdt37 /vfAD77wh0984qu9Pr0vvvKXz/zmO//5wD/+ezAG/epb//rYz772Hylq9x4xvCHvzfbHT/7ym//8 uV/WjhJ8tNSg//3wj7/85w/Sxj8npRrK/+xMvXiw0P//ABiAAkh+ClVa3NNrvWZTCTWADNiADviA OTVoDdJopuZvOkNslkdRELiBHNiBACiBwS9GgTmEX/k1c+LngSiYgioIfZP2HVYEbR/GYf3kfitY gzZ4g7fXfeFRREFCJvv3VhxBgzg4hERYhFKXMISjKka4hEzYhLakfrwHKk44hVRYhfWDdHGSfFa4 hVyIg9I3H1rYhWI4hhz4hfIRhmSYhmr4gZfnHmi4hnAYh+ZnhvHBenZ4h3iYh3q4h1jlenz4h4AY iII4iKWHebf2ei9niEr1hkGniFTFiGHTho7IMVK4dX43ib1UiVp3iZgYS5C4e516aFKaWFScGIqW NIpEVYqmiEiomHZ0uIoj43+pqIqwqEetmDRCSEeSWIsUc4uukos0s4u8ODGySEfcEzOvOIyxWIw7 FXXBmIzKuIyjCBw8I3nRCE9h0YxZ94vQeI0sA4J6J4zeuDL2B2fj2F4PRYvnuI7s2I7u+I7wGI97 8rgu80hk4liPTnOP+Ah4+0hg+tiP3wiQ1PWPAhmLBSlZ3XiQAamQeUWQDNkwDvmQeiWRA3JyJchw QoURGCdOEUmRyJF/yFZiFwl+/BaEHokgIDk+oEEh6QZAqDYm0lZTvQVeKXWSFRlj8fVh7UNvL0gm 2WVgLIkj5GaTciiJk4WjOq9mb0hZgdcmQJkFbg5XaUSJHyGSlA0kgg8HlCP5ajxUlVN5Ij8ibmFp lVrJa0SkcDH4bFL5lfwRlkDYb0hCYlwDk+yzkT/oblfElnq5l3zZl375l4AZmII5mIRZmIZ5mIiZ mIq5mIzZmI75mBiQGZmSOZmUWZmWeZmYmZmauZmc2Zn9GBAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/earth-f4.gif R0lGODlhvAJeAYcAAAAAAP7+/szMzACAAP//ALd3DQAA/wAA/wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH/C05FVFNDQVBFMi4wAwEB AAAh+QQAAAAAACwAAAAAvAJeAQAI/wADCBxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPH jyBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsqXLlzBjypxJs6bNmzhz6tzJs6fPn0CDCh1KtKjRo0iTKl3KtKnTp1Cj Sp1KtarVq1izat1qEYDXr2DDguVKtqzZs2jTPvQaka3at3Djyp1bFIDArwPF4g1gl67fv4ADCw5p ty/fwwgLD17MuLHjxord8nVrWPHjy5gza8Zq+WDhvYY3ix5NunTPvnopFwxNGvRF1qZjy55tUHLC 0LZHV0ZMu7fv3xJTj/2cWzTsz3kl752M+m5x4NCjS3d8vPnu63kP757Ovbt3ucezMwhHjXv78+/o 06qrnxr+Lm/cq92LX0+/vn2k2N2Tf8+/M+z7AAYoIE2uyccWeZWpxtyADDbo4IMQRijhhBRWaOGF GGao4XTCdejhhyCGKOKIJJZo4okopqjiiiy26OKLMMYo44ypbejRfzbmWB+OOk7EY49AdvdjkA4N SeSRvhmJ5G1LNimdkk7GF+WUtEFJJW9XZmmclgxZyeWXc3k5pZhglpkWmU6iaeaaXKm5pJtsxmkV nHlH0innnVDZGaSeePapFJ89AurnoEQJmqOhhCbqE6IbMqroozg5mqGkkFYqE6UXYmrppixpWqGn nIZqEqgTkirqqSCZGqGqqLaqEasPwurqrBTJ2qCttOZaZJ+46uork3j2+uuwBAkboLHEDovsfcsm q2uzOzor7UrQ/9JX7YA0Zqvtttx2m+JN16oX7rHTFgsur5WOOy5m16671JDNXZpuTu4+1m6SWNZm U73RRgrkvb11tuCC/jlnKr/WTupjYl12dW7A/BmoX3bblYTwehfThSaORsIJ8Gzm6YuYZWGdlHF6 6goWWYLxamfwywNPlm9bD4M81szxkkztvP4GhpzLE08ccn/OObxvlfENXXHFJJ2MXso+R6wcxQbn PNx8Cx8NspTLAY1l103znGnEEgstXsvyzQzRx3I6/Z3bcBWc34Ej50y1zBWxHSfcQtKrstTKRVa0 eYGrvVbNbYuttY56l1bA45BHLvnklFdu+eWYRw5A5px37vnnoDOHLvropJdOOtSrwou4aaa3bvrm rscu++y012475nzHfV5GVt4sZU25Iw1p8GdizdHGtjX/vibx0aH+13+uqRY4yzBHvxBeypvJPHQd gx121L//LD7RZV/Xu/cvbW+a+r91bPxI7IvUntdyX8313YfHnD66wzdsoIKAs05p5ic3/KXtbAZs CGvQh5L46UZxDAsa0HRmvtjkh37kw+DIEui/2jAQfvx7VPcAKECS2W9Xg1lOgTSowuRVj2bX291H HLil/l0vfGZDm+EiyLi1yHAjNNxMEGXjPnOlbWkcVMgQy0Im390ohIoqYrFceMAVcsljP8zanZa4 vnK9z0dZzN8WIUigfx3vgygcow1X16hUhdEzUEyU82yEKTTCMVhkdBaonAgsNYrQiwcclQy5eBlC tkaBE3bs49rM2CmOxZFQUtyhErV4KDb/Li+Pv5vPyvQjwEDysJKLS9walQgfTprSZUyjkrFAdMlR xvCIGaTgnn64SgHY0pYAuCUuW/nHRV6wgF67IYQOtLta6jKXx+RlFDs4wfFJ74ufZND8MilIsehS AMi8pSHB18sYFm6T2mlZ74Z5R2pajADoTGc2cXnNbQLGnULknTmhiSFHzhN+6VRnO9upTDnK04gi C9RtStnAfKJzndjkp/YwGRN4HuVHU3NjagxKAIRaNERvYihMHGoUeOnwjAcNKQAoatF2UvSkHNVK Sgvpt1h1SWAd8UpIK0pTg5b0mCclaQoBKsxJyk+jrhwoYUZa05ESNZ831WZObZrCVCoymZpPDGpi AIjClVLlfG6cqVFJuk+cLlWdO7WaOAlWt4/GFKiwzNsiXVqkRAaHqHCtKVK7qtSvHjSsEixY3WBZ R7SGx4RjJY4Yb5W/N/pQq3LV5zFNateK7hSVJ7Rbcuj2U6mac3x53eBgpTlYw05WL0U96FEVq03G 2tWqwTEbQCWbwVT5VV+pnNueNqs/JS51q0Ud7UHpisvGOv/2b4O7m4IIJ8l/dvOpGtSkZhnJzNUM 8qu4hWtqeItN36IWhv9LUGvp1lfL4lCvzVyuAleVxoFOFLqhrahuK0rd9aI0o951bidhJjPwNlea WVRTiNIrU5u217rwPS7whsnHgN6Iv+tNam8be92qNHgxD86MXnw6QwRzdbFePa1gDMDhDnv4wyAO sYhHTOISexgAJk6xilfM4ha7+MUwjrGMYxxhdomFwjcSzoVLe0yMBmbGQJ4xioNM5CIb+chITnKJ 5yigCSO3aTtmZzIXGt/9xarA95RflBM65TLVmJuhvFV+VZLg9vYTkoAs7gz1YmYqC1hZWCZzm72M 1pZ8uVBRyXMrYeYMpjs/r6Wfgh59U8JKNy+zZxTiUXl2xtO91dlSxfQgobPc50czWkKq84xnjUbP SvcPNJQJNYKqJ2pSjxpv7CkZJXEWyAVy+slT/F6n/7/kZ78AqtZrXXV7XM27Mb+0srO+oqXvC+Ep dtJ7hLMOFak2vanaEatRbTSbcB0mILJLuST8rnCp6cz3ORmq3jyegR1d5VxDxtiUJdu2g8Zr/BGn ON8uZ1s2DVVqm8Xecbk1S42HxKTxtdX+lqCmVQ3utdFpmuSuy/QI+lmER1jf1NF2WnHIbm7HcuC0 7PXG5J3woQzNXO0u7sOtDRlVW5GB5Rlrw1lYTF+/ykvPwTdZtgdTgX8NlcGt76DZQ3I0xxRK9vSj wqsGcvmGmt0mVLdUIO7zHPPxgzJv05/uV8WiZ9Z8esZPzwe1xzhL+8yF4poT4fPL1s5p637KHp3r 4kHufDENmJRN9zaZznVLGtrjzXb7ygG311M7GO2PbGjg3yn1Vx16wHhUWdadQve0233tb1arP8M8 bTx7S0RXBXziEf8vdKAg9JqgD73oR0/6Lkel8YO3cud/8vnSu/71rick6jdfxip5HYGqD0rrYc/7 3u+S54afPOeJuFZhwW33vk9+6WWv+dULXnjGFhp3bXV85Vuf98wPftNrbzPsUYy4anatx69P/uVn Xvt1p/wAPZju5cqq+uWPP+izb9z0D9+CEi9b+GdYKPn7X5vnV3+Op36HZETtp3Jk1n//53/0hxFR dxZqZxw3w10Bt3/RpnsLyIAB6ICHx32iJBTIl4G914Cv0YEz8YAqpXGkEoIiyGOipyqLx4EaBy70 RnwECHl5Q3DwM3osSH4heDC3d1YOGISNVIPrd4ObMQBKmE9K2ISHTuiETPiEUtiEUTiFUJhOVqiE AJCFXPiEYpGFVciFYeiEu5dLZriAYfGCl7eGbNiGHfI2j5eEY2iFcwiGWNiFA1CHXoiHePiFUqiH TwiIA1CGCdWDyfeDDUSEzTdvMVhNKEgYcUhrQ6iIvLN8LYiIiXgwL9cuRthFSCiJk7iCLVh+rAKD aRaB/6CIEUrYQKPogwnYQKcYicKWEatoMq14faU4aebViABHdfymMJ84i6o4AKx4i8qXi7A4XrVy Wb0ISvdXebRIjLZojIf4iiajjC/kd8o1MIL1iz9TW+QSjFrCJ7U4KtRYjbp4jR1UQUpXdjrkas/k Scwii+OoEeVoMefoe8iojjhWMv1mdbLVaPXDi09Cj1lCjtJojvmIfdY4KszUbk6lMxUnkGbHWeJ4 kPaYkPi4kLC3jw6JYxcnj0j0jhVoX+H4jGA3EffYNBzZkQ1pMaQ0gVSFctGnbv4YQA6CisJ4ESu5 gy0Zey8pa+Wik/UYjcX4k6TnkTAJSESJkUY5jUjJg0lBCUJMaZBXgpBHGZWhp5RCOS1NeZUZmZVa qVDJyI9DaZWqFJZQOZZkaZZL6UVfmZZPqZBs2ZYf6ZbSEpdjopZ0WZcAmI53eZYX/wmWc7mRfvmX ZRmYXomWe1mYLHmYiImXVAmXjBklWLmWh8mVkymYKHl3FdGT8gOZkamYXZmXlZkmfGmYkKmZwMaZ HthxOdiJwSGav2cysplaVTmYctkVOhiaLxiVQEiQq2aautmYvAkWYniHXViHhHiGHOmGt2lui1mc lhmKXkGHypmc6JSFzcllaAgW85eJ0UlbenSaTWInN6aaW/mTMDie5JkselmdoYiZfsmakJibnYmD FgGae0ab9il+lEmdqOmYPima/8l/+Pma0DiMYlmfU9ma05mfnsag9FmXB3qBEaqgKSkR/JkqtIlN D3qfASqhqXgRBKCRj2mgIQqgrgJ5gv+pFxEn2qAWuqIIOqIa6pkUgU4yypYXKoQqdUI99Z6FR6I7 aRE6WqE8SqMYehUhB5LnJqDnaY8EIJ7QGW+kuZmcIXbUQ1anhlkt5FDxOaCqOKUFmZiccTVlt1f9 UUJtx6TmGWA8iaLtA5hZCnJAqn/uiDMcFaZRSqD4YqZuanXeNnEFFHRnB6Vwup9y+qeS+XeCqlcI WKhteqhEWpQU2jx0yqT286WCyo3ClXeBWqlOeanck6nliahIcpmYCqinKqqESarAYYoJ6qK0p6gc YqpMRFXKSG18mqifuagQw6ozF2xOqha9mqqpGau4uhV/VVb/Bmo1dqx1kqxzKqzMClsYgbVuTjWk N6qfFRGjZdqo11qSEqddxvqmyciaEeC6quKaguS6WuJlgRtIq843EUfKrlc6rKpFPnE3cfeGrtOq rmSKr295JvFIXxSYXeeKqgE7prdqrcoCsERCjgNbqhD7K9I6sdTKqPlKLBk7W34arO2KsRILsrBa rSPrKx/LXHH6sCn7LCXLsrYarh0bsQyrsSELfTVLsjdrsi1LswWbofT6gT9LsKXZqt06oUVrsS+b KysrUDnbkOijQrq3rDbrqru5tC4RUXqnf4titTyLtcZposA6af+od93mnuJ2sSobs/ZQixHrulHb CHDSI5FDG7TEKbbyCbcVq3pvR66sJS9sC7M9K7Pf2rdbO7doq616W4KzKrj1yqGIa2eKKzWMm7Q1 2qKQS7T7ObmdUpPyhW1e+3xNSytP20NRa4OlOyun64xai7I727aF+7avy7F4i7R3u6C1mz4v4rbl JbSbC5u/OrutS2zw6buuG5vQMnu8q4mPS7qcC0aUGLtCWoRqa7wei7x0ZJ1baIfbiYeCyJxAVKUf srquUrxt9BphgZ3fu5zZ+YfvS4aLaL0rGIuzi7rHKZyZ67gEcr3Ye7WYW6S1or/7+2q5i6V5G8CW urtb6yKIRr1Oq73T6Xuytnu0x3u/yTu8QGvB2YvB25u6+De4EezBE8zA1os1DFe5wcvBAHzAOGqv Zfu5+Sdo8ii3Imy6EqwhfBK3NiwyEgmt4NjDEIzDJKzDGnGvDQU2x2a5NZx7t3vBjdunfPvAcLdC 6FusUKzAo8qTnivEkoqnOQxrHRzFvkoRech9TWo1/urCIqq50Cu8ZhzD1AJv4QNe1SKrNsrGSjuz RovAuLvCGxoRHbo1N8y6YVxPGyuyQ2zIRQyMFKzITzzGWvyqJqy6i3y+hzw2IOyJ5tsqV67syJUc wp2MKp+MyJt8hKN8KqWsyY+ss5HcwoD8whwqx6J8yZ6cyRayw7TMybZMyrj8KUe8y6jcy6r8y4l2 xF1MyKksKqucy8jsssTMzMZcKlIKza8ctpOctZ1rzSyMzXpconzMtNEcKs0MzKdcgMtMztOMaYl8 KYv2UGAru2Scrq2cxLEGz4WMyY1syvW8Ue/cUfFMuPPcsKHcwPcM0Pl8y/vMygVtZ//Mdgntywvd 7cznPMcHDdHpzCnlfMzzGSkPHXYRXcwTbc7567/je9EgndGbstHU/Kt+yL4nCr7xC9NTmGfk2yIB PcIDjbOzrIXrO4WCSIUzDdRDPYgfDWbA+8a66xBPOB4m/XIojdQJ/M0CrBB3iG70ctSE97xCDMcI sYTJnNVRvdV5HMve+tWDvBN59qRlrdSBPBBN2FFa/Wdc7cRLfRBxLddjTddt3dV3XRB5rdfJwdZu 7NeBHNhnncVUvcAFEdNeLcmLvcWNLcx7W9h2nZJ5GNaUnNSG/cJn7HGgi3LTW6d9fdm9OIrYrDeS X4RvN93arv3a3LLO5GUQae0vqi19TZxmFul8tQ1o7qhsT63byhy9ve3bbXdBwk1OtRoAxY1oeWpz yU1YtYraVftvVxfds915zU3FeYfc2L3bnLvd353cj0jaQTze6E2sB1kZv5Xe7v11tDZRVvre5L03 2oRMMoXftUnf0V3eqYZL+G1UAN6b/F3a4zjgX6FeXiFl/l3g8TRtAQ7g7IVN6engdX2Q9y3h+g2i Fi7cDb508l3hHX7hvfGdF+094v0NRQSM4goduSxe38sdbiwaflY0nC8uzo9dTo7SpDourzfeLy4+ T9GjbJNV5DEDxNL2jZz6Quf947yc48x4St2WWV37t8513de9rU4+zFCe5Mf9fd5ncTYZUAiyH4P9 P1sOu10+qFgeTKxmgChM5mMO5+qd5vsW5DN8cWnKa7H15TqX5XVu54S95qGdbclm5L04tdn250uu jYLO5X/96Jyd2JL+x29d6d4c6ZgO2Zq+6Zl+6Z5OxE94HuqMPOqk3uLRe+rynOqqrtOs3uql/uqw juqEPusr/aK2Ls3BAtu83uu+/uvAHuzC7uu5XuzGfuzInuzKvuzM3uzO/uzQHu3SPu3UXu3WJn7t 2J7t2r7t3N7t3v7t4B7u4j7u5F7u5n7u6J7u6r7u7N7uuh0QADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://sound.westhost.com/esp.css h1 { text-align: center; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; = font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; } h2 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } h3 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } li { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } ul { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } ol { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } td { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } th { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } p { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } textarea { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } input { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } a { color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: none; } a:visited { color: rgb(0, 51, 119); } a:active { color: rgb(0, 51, 153); } a:hover { color: rgb(0, 204, 0); text-decoration: underline; } a.inline { color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; } sub { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; } sup { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; } body { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } .tap { color: blue; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 25pt; font-weight: bold; } .hdrl { color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 12pt; font-weight: bold; } .hdrr { color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 14pt; font-weight: bold; } .b-wht { color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 12pt; font-weight: bold; } .t-wht { color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 10pt; } .t-red { color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; } .t-blu { color: blue; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: = 10pt; } .t-sml { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; } .t_8 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; } .t_8b { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: = bold; } .t-med { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; } .t_12 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } .t_12b { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; = font-weight: bold; } .t_10 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; } .t_10b { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; = font-weight: bold; } .t_11 { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; } .t_11b { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; = font-weight: bold; } .t-pic { text-align: center; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; = font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; } .t_red12 { color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; } .li-sml { font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js (function(){var l=3Dthis,aa=3Dfunction(a){var b=3Dtypeof = a;if("object"=3D=3Db)if(a){if(a instanceof Array)return"array";if(a = instanceof Object)return b;var = c=3DObject.prototype.toString.call(a);if("[object = Window]"=3D=3Dc)return"object";if("[object = Array]"=3D=3Dc||"number"=3D=3Dtypeof a.length&&"undefined"!=3Dtypeof = a.splice&&"undefined"!=3Dtypeof = a.propertyIsEnumerable&&!a.propertyIsEnumerable("splice"))return"array";i= f("[object Function]"=3D=3Dc||"undefined"!=3Dtypeof = a.call&&"undefined"!=3Dtypeof = a.propertyIsEnumerable&&!a.propertyIsEnumerable("call"))return"function"}= else return"null";=0A= else if("function"=3D=3Db&&"undefined"=3D=3Dtypeof = a.call)return"object";return b},ba=3Dfunction(a,b,c){return = a.call.apply(a.bind,arguments)},ca=3Dfunction(a,b,c){if(!a)throw = Error();if(2a?0:a},w=3Dfunction(a,b){return/^true$/.test(a)?!0:/^fal= se$/.test(a)?!1:b},da=3D/^([\w-]+\.)*([\w-]{2,})(\:[0-9]+)?$/,ea=3Dfuncti= on(a,b){if(!a)return b;var c=3Da.match(da);return c?c[0]:b};var = fa=3Du("0.15"),ga=3Du("0.01"),ha=3Du("0.001"),ia=3Du("0.001"),ja=3Du("0.2= "),ka=3Dw("true",!0);var la=3Dw("false",!1),ma=3Dw("false",!1);var = na=3Dfunction(a,b,c){if(!a)return null;for(var = e=3D0;eMath.random())){var = c=3DMath.random();if(c/g,ta=3D/"/g,ua=3D/'/g,va=3D/\x00/g,I=3D{"\x00= ":"\\0","\b":"\\b","\f":"\\f","\n":"\\n","\r":"\\r","\t":"\\t","\x0B":"\\= x0B",'"':'\\"',"\\":"\\\\"},J=3D{"'":"\\'"};var = K=3Dfunction(a,b){for(var c in = a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,c)&&b.call(null,a[c],c,a)},L=3Df= unction(a){return!!a&&"function"=3D=3Dtypeof = a&&!!a.call},wa=3Dfunction(a,b){if(!(2>arguments.length))for(var = c=3D1,e=3Darguments.length;c>2)+a.charCodeAt(e)&4294967295= ;return 0b?d+=3D"000":256>b?d+=3D"00":4096>b&&(d+= =3D"0");return R[a]=3Dd+b.toString(16)}));b.push('"')};var = S=3D"google_ad_block google_ad_channel google_ad_client google_ad_format = google_ad_height google_ad_host google_ad_host_channel = google_ad_host_tier_id google_ad_modifications google_ad_output = google_ad_region google_ad_section google_ad_slot google_ad_type = google_ad_unit_key google_ad_unit_key_2 google_ad_width google_adtest = google_allow_expandable_ads google_alternate_ad_url = google_alternate_color google_analytics_domain_name = google_analytics_uacct google_analytics_url_parameters = google_available_width google_captcha_token google_city google_color_bg = google_color_border google_color_line google_color_link = google_color_text google_color_url google_container_id = google_content_recommendation_ui_type google_contents google_core_dbp = google_country google_cpm google_ctr_threshold google_cust_age = google_cust_ch google_cust_criteria google_cust_gender google_cust_id = google_cust_interests google_cust_job google_cust_l google_cust_lh = google_cust_u_url google_disable_video_autoplay google_ed google_eids = google_enable_content_recommendations google_enable_ose = google_enable_ose_periscope google_encoding google_floating_ad_position = google_font_face google_font_size google_frame_id google_gl google_hints = google_image_size google_kw google_kw_type google_lact google_language = google_loeid google_max_num_ads google_max_radlink_len google_mtl = google_num_radlinks google_num_radlinks_per_unit = google_only_ads_with_video google_only_pyv_ads = google_only_userchoice_ads google_override_format google_page_url = google_pgb_reactive google_previous_watch google_previous_searches = google_referrer_url google_region google_responsive_formats = google_reuse_colors google_rl_dest_url google_rl_filtering = google_rl_mode google_rt google_safe google_sc_id google_scs = google_source_type google_sui google_skip = google_tag_for_child_directed_treatment google_tag_info = google_tag_origin google_targeting google_tdsma google_tfs google_tl = google_ui_features google_video_doc_id google_video_product_type = google_video_url_to_fetch google_with_pyv_ads google_yt_pt = google_yt_up".split(" "),=0A= Pa=3D{google_ad_modifications:!0,google_analytics_domain_name:!0,google_a= nalytics_uacct:!0},Qa=3Dfunction(a){a.google_page_url&&(a.google_page_url= =3DString(a.google_page_url));var = b=3D[];K(a,function(a,e){if(null!=3Da){var d;try{var g=3D[];Q(new = Ma,a,g);d=3Dg.join("")}catch(f){}d&&(d=3Dd.replace(/\\|\//,"\\$&"),wa(b,e= ,"=3D",d,";"))}});return b.join("")},Ra=3Dfunction(a){for(var = b=3D0,c=3DS.length;b"']/.test(V)&&(-1!=3DV.indexOf("&")&&(V=3DV.replace(qa,"&"))= ,-1!=3DV.indexOf("<")&&(V=3DV.replace(ra,"<")),-1!=3DV.indexOf(">")&&(= V=3DV.replace(sa,">")),-1!=3DV.indexOf('"')&&(V=3DV.replace(ta,""= ")),-1!=3DV.indexOf("'")&&(V=3DV.replace(ua,"'")),-1!=3DV.indexOf("\x= 00")&&(V=3DV.replace(va,"�")));Sa=3DV;U.prototype.set=3Dfunction(a,b){= this.A.handlers[a]=3Db;this.j.addEventListener&&this.j.addEventListener("= load",m(this.s,this,a),!1)};=0A= U.prototype.s=3Dfunction(a){a=3Dthis.j.document.getElementById(a);try{var= = b=3Da.contentWindow.document;if(a.onload&&b&&(!b.body||!b.body.firstChild= ))a.onload()}catch(c){}};U.prototype.D=3Dfunction(a,b){var = c=3DTa("rx",a),e;a:{if(a&&(e=3Da.match("dt=3D([^&]+)"))&&2=3D=3De.length)= {e=3De[1];break a}e=3D""}e=3D(new = Date).getTime()-e;c=3Dc.replace(/&dtd=3D(\d+|M)/,"&dtd=3D"+(1E4>e?e+"":"M= "));this.set(b,c);return c};var Ta=3Dfunction(a,b){var c=3Dnew = RegExp("\\b"+a+"=3D(\\d+)"),e=3Dc.exec(b);e&&(b=3Db.replace(c,a+"=3D"+(+e= [1]+1||1)));return b};var W;a:{var Ua=3Dl.navigator;if(Ua){var = Va=3DUa.userAgent;if(Va){W=3DVa;break a}}W=3D""}var = X=3Dfunction(a){return-1!=3DW.indexOf(a)};var = Wa=3DX("Opera")||X("OPR"),Xa=3DX("Edge")||X("Trident")||X("MSIE"),Ya=3DX(= "Gecko")&&!(-1!=3DW.toLowerCase().indexOf("webkit")&&!X("Edge"))&&!(X("Tr= ident")||X("MSIE"))&&!X("Edge"),Za=3D-1!=3DW.toLowerCase().indexOf("webki= t")&&!X("Edge"),$a=3Dfunction(){var = a=3DW;if(Ya)return/rv\:([^\);]+)(\)|;)/.exec(a);if(Xa&&X("Edge"))return/E= dge\/([\d\.]+)/.exec(a);if(Xa)return/\b(?:MSIE|rv)[: = ]([^\);]+)(\)|;)/.exec(a);if(Za)return/WebKit\/(\S+)/.exec(a)};=0A= (function(){if(Wa&&l.opera){var = a=3Dl.opera.version;return"function"=3D=3Daa(a)?a():a}var = a=3D"",b=3D$a();b&&(a=3Db?b[1]:"");return = Xa&&!X("Edge")&&(b=3D(b=3Dl.document)?b.documentMode:void = 0,b>parseFloat(a))?String(b):a})();var = ab=3Dfunction(a){if(!a)return"";(a=3Da.toLowerCase())&&"ca-"!=3Da.substri= ng(0,3)&&(a=3D"ca-"+a);return a};var = bb=3D{"120x90":!0,"160x90":!0,"180x90":!0,"200x90":!0,"468x15":!0,"728x15= ":!0};var = Y,Z=3Dfunction(a){this.l=3D[];this.j=3Da||window;this.i=3D0;this.k=3Dnull= ;this.q=3D0},cb=3Dfunction(a,b){this.t=3Da;this.F=3Db};Z.prototype.r=3Dfu= nction(a,b){0!=3Dthis.i||0!=3Dthis.l.length||b&&b!=3Dwindow?this.n(a,b):(= this.i=3D2,this.p(new = cb(a,window)))};Z.prototype.n=3Dfunction(a,b){this.l.push(new = cb(a,b||this.j));db(this)};Z.prototype.u=3Dfunction(a){this.i=3D1;if(a){v= ar = b=3DN("sjr::timeout",m(this.o,this,!0));this.k=3Dthis.j.setTimeout(b,a)}}= ;=0A= Z.prototype.o=3Dfunction(a){a&&++this.q;1=3D=3Dthis.i&&(null!=3Dthis.k&&(= this.j.clearTimeout(this.k),this.k=3Dnull),this.i=3D0);db(this)};Z.protot= ype.w=3Dfunction(){return!(!window||!Array)};Z.prototype.B=3Dfunction(){r= eturn = this.q};Z.prototype.nq=3DZ.prototype.r;Z.prototype.nqa=3DZ.prototype.n;Z.= prototype.al=3DZ.prototype.u;Z.prototype.rl=3DZ.prototype.o;Z.prototype.s= z=3DZ.prototype.w;Z.prototype.tc=3DZ.prototype.B;var = db=3Dfunction(a){var b=3DN("sjr::tryrun",m(a.C,a));a.j.setTimeout(b,0)};=0A= Z.prototype.C=3Dfunction(){if(0=3D=3Dthis.i&&this.l.length){var = a=3Dthis.l.shift();this.i=3D2;var = b=3DN("sjr::run",m(this.p,this,a));a.F.setTimeout(b,0);db(this)}};Z.proto= type.p=3Dfunction(a){this.i=3D0;a.t()};=0A= var eb=3Dfunction(a){try{return = a.sz()}catch(b){return!1}},fb=3Dfunction(a){return!!a&&("object"=3D=3Dtyp= eof a||"function"=3D=3Dtypeof = a)&&eb(a)&&L(a.nq)&&L(a.nqa)&&L(a.al)&&L(a.rl)},gb=3Dfunction(){if(Y&&eb(= Y))return Y;var a=3DLa(),b=3Da.google_jobrunner;return = fb(b)?Y=3Db:a.google_jobrunner=3DY=3Dnew = Z(a)},hb=3Dfunction(a,b){gb().nq(a,b)},ib=3Dfunction(a,b){gb().nqa(a,b)};= var jb=3DIa?1=3D=3Dza():!za(),kb=3Dfunction(){var = a=3Dz("script"),b;b=3Dea("","pagead2.googlesyndication.com");return["<",a= ,' = src=3D_%27%2cP(b%2c_/pagead/js/r20150402/r20150224/show_ads_impl.html>"].join("")},lb=3Dfunction(a,b,c,e){return function(){var = d=3D!1;e&&gb().al(3E4);var = g=3Da.document.getElementById(b);g&&!A(g.contentWindow)&&3=3D=3D=0A= a.google_top_js_status&&(a.google_top_js_status=3D6);try{if(A(a.document.= getElementById(b).contentWindow)){var = f=3Da.document.getElementById(b).contentWindow,h=3Df.document;h.body&&h.b= ody.firstChild||(h.open(),f.google_async_iframe_close=3D!0,h.write(c))}el= se{var = k=3Da.document.getElementById(b).contentWindow,p;g=3Dc;g=3DString(g);if(g= .quote)p=3Dg.quote();else{f=3D['"'];for(h=3D0;hr)F=3Dn;else{var v=3Dn;if(v in J)F=3DJ[v];else if(v in=0A= I)F=3DJ[v]=3DI[v];else{var = t=3Dv,y=3Dv.charCodeAt(0);if(31y)t=3Dv;else{if(256>y){if(t=3D"\\x= ",16>y||256y&&(t+=3D"0");t+=3Dy.toString(16).toUpperCase()}F=3DJ[v]=3D= t}}D=3DF}f[x]=3DD}f.push('"');p=3Df.join("")}k.location.replace("javascri= pt:"+p)}d=3D!0}catch(sb){k=3DLa().google_jobrunner,fb(k)&&k.rl()}d&&(d=3D= Ta("google_async_rrc",c),(new = U(a)).set(b,lb(a,b,d,!1)))}},mb=3Dfunction(a){var = b=3D["");return b.join("")},nb=3D=0A= function(a){var b;if(b=3Djb){if(!T)a:{var c=3D[E.top];b=3D[];for(var = e=3D0,d;d=3Dc[e++];){b.push(d);try{if(d.frames)for(var = g=3Dd.frames.length,f=3D0;fc.length;++f)c.push(d.frames[f])}catc= h(h){}}for(g=3D0;ge;g=3Dg.parentNode,++e)c.push(9!=3Dg.node= Type&&g.id||"");(c=3Dc.join())&&d.push(c);b.google_ad_unit_key=3DAa(d.joi= n(":")).toString();d=3D=0A= a.google_adk2_experiment=3Da.google_adk2_experiment||B(["C","E"],ia)||"N"= ;if("E"=3D=3Dd){d=3DG;c=3D[];for(e=3D0;d&&25>e;++e){var = g=3D(g=3D9!=3Dd.nodeType&&d.id)?"/"+g:"",f;a:{if(d&&d.nodeName&&d.parentE= lement){f=3Dd.nodeName.toString().toLowerCase();for(var = h=3Dd.parentElement.childNodes,k=3D0,p=3D0;pe;++e){for(var = x=3Dr.frames,g=3D0;g");h=3Db.id;k=3D"border:none;height:"+p+"px;margin:0;pa= dding:0;position:relative;visibility:visible;width:"+k+"px;background-col= or:transparent";e.write(['',c.join(" = "),""].join(""));h=3Db.id;b=3Dob(d)?B(["c","e"],ja):null;pb(a= ,d,"e"=3D=3Db);e=3DQa(d);d=3Dnb(d.google_ad_client);c=3D(new = Date).getTime();k=3Da.google_top_experiment;if(p=3Da.google_async_for_oa_= experiment)a.google_async_for_oa_experiment=3D=0A= void 0;var = n=3Da.google_always_use_delayed_impressions_experiment;f=3D["",d,"<",f,">",e,"google_show_ads_impl=3Dtrue;google_uniq= ue_id=3D",a.google_unique_id,';google_async_iframe_id=3D"',h,'";google_st= art_time=3D',q,";",k?'google_top_experiment=3D"'+k+'";':"",p?'google_asyn= c_for_oa_experiment=3D"'+p+'";':"",n?'google_always_use_delayed_impressio= ns_experiment=3D"'+n+'";':"",b?'google_append_as_for_format_override=3D"'= +b+'";':"","google_bpp=3D",c>q?c-q:1,";google_async_rrc=3D0;",kb(= ),""].join("");=0A= (a.document.getElementById(h)?hb:ib)(lb(a,h,f,!0))}}});})();=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D0737A.3067FCB0--