From: Subject: RS485, RS232, RS422, RS423, Quick Reference Guide Date: Thu, 7 Apr 2011 20:26:11 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CBF562.09014770" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5994 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CBF562.09014770 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file://C:\Documents and Settings\Dan Fraser\My Documents\_TruTechnology\Design Info\RS485\rs485spec.html RS485, RS232, RS422, RS423, Quick Reference = Guide

QUICK REFERENCE
FOR
RS485, = RS422, RS232=20 AND RS423

=20
INTRODUCTION

Line drivers and receivers are commonly used to exchange = data=20 between two or more points (nodes) on a network. Reliable data=20 communications can be difficult in the presence of induced noise, = ground=20 level differences, impedance mismatches, failure to effectively = bias for=20 idle line conditions, and other hazards associated with = installation of a=20 network.

The connection between two or more elements = (drivers and=20 receivers) should be considered a transmission line if the rise = and/or=20 fall time is less than half the time for the signal to travel from = the=20 transmitter to the receiver.

Standards have been developed = to=20 insure compatibility between units provided by different = manufacturers,=20 and to allow for reasonable success in transferring data over = specified=20 distances and/or data rates. The Electronics Industry Association = (EIA)=20 has produced standards for RS485, RS422, RS232, and RS423 that = deal with=20 data communications. Suggestions are often made to deal with = practical=20 problems that might be encountered in a typical network. EIA = standards=20 where previously marked with the prefix "RS" to indicate = recommended=20 standard; however, the standards are now generally indicated as = "EIA"=20 standards to identify the standards organization. While the = standards=20 bring uniformity to data communications, many areas are not = specifically=20 covered and remain as "gray areas" for the user to discover = (usually=20 during installation) on his own. =

SINGLE-ENDED DATA TRANSMISSION

Electronic data communications between elements will = generally=20 fall into two broad categories: single-ended and differential. = RS232=20 (single-ended) was introduced in 1962, and despite rumors for its = early=20 demise, has remained widely used through the industry. The = specification=20 allows for data transmission from one transmitter to one receiver = at=20 relatively slow data rates (up to 20K bits/second) and short = distances (up=20 to 50Ft. @ the maximum data rate).

Independent channels = are=20 established for two-way (full-duplex) communications. The RS232 = signals=20 are represented by voltage levels with respect to a system common = (power /=20 logic ground). The "idle" state (MARK) has the signal level = negative with=20 respect to common, and the "active" state (SPACE) has the signal = level=20 positive with respect to common. RS232 has numerous handshaking = lines=20 (primarily used with modems), and also specifies a communications=20 protocol. In general if you are not connected to a modem the = handshaking=20 lines can present a lot of problems if not disabled in software or = accounted for in the hardware (loop-back or pulled-up). RTS = (Request to=20 send) does have some utility in certain applications. RS423 is = another=20 single ended specification with enhanced operation over RS232; = however, it=20 has not been widely used in the industry. =

DIFFERENTIAL DATA TRANSMISSION

When communicating at high data rates, or over long = distances in=20 real world environments, single-ended methods are often = inadequate.=20 Differential data transmission (balanced differential signal) = offers=20 superior performance in most applications. Differential signals = can help=20 nullify the effects of ground shifts and induced noise signals = that can=20 appear as common mode voltages on a network.

RS422 = (differential)=20 was designed for greater distances and higher Baud rates than = RS232. In=20 its simplest form, a pair of converters from RS232 to RS422 (and = back=20 again) can be used to form an "RS232 extension cord." Data rates = of up to=20 100K bits / second and distances up to 4000 Ft. can be = accommodated with=20 RS422. RS422 is also specified for multi-drop (party-line) = applications=20 where only one driver is connected to, and transmits on, a "bus" = of up to=20 10 receivers.

While a multi-drop "type" application has = many=20 desirable advantages, RS422 devices cannot be used to construct a = truly=20 multi-point network. A true multi-point network consists of = multiple=20 drivers and receivers connected on a single bus, where any node = can=20 transmit or receive data.

"Quasi" multi-drop networks = (4-wire) are=20 often constructed using RS422 devices. These networks are often = used in a=20 half-duplex mode, where a single master in a system sends a = command to one=20 of several "slave" devices on a network. Typically one device = (node) is=20 addressed by the host computer and a response is received from = that=20 device. Systems of this type (4-wire, half-duplex) are often = constructed=20 to avoid "data collision" (bus contention) problems on a = multi-drop=20 network (more about solving this problem on a two-wire network in = a=20 moment).

RS485 meets the requirements for a truly = multi-point=20 communications network, and the standard specifies up to 32 = drivers and 32=20 receivers on a single (2-wire) bus. With the introduction of = "automatic"=20 repeaters and high-impedance drivers / receivers this "limitation" = can be=20 extended to hundreds (or even thousands) of nodes on a network. = RS485=20 extends the common mode range for both drivers and receivers in = the=20 "tri-state" mode and with power off. Also, RS485 drivers are able = to=20 withstand "data collisions" (bus contention) problems and bus = fault=20 conditions.

To solve the "data collision" problem often = present in=20 multi-drop networks hardware units (converters, repeaters, = micro-processor=20 controls) can be constructed to remain in a receive mode until = they are=20 ready to transmit data. Single master systems (many other = communications=20 schemes are available) offer a straight forward and simple means = of=20 avoiding "data collisions" in a typical 2-wire, half-duplex, = multi-drop=20 system. The master initiates a communications request to a "slave = node" by=20 addressing that unit. The hardware detects the start-bit of the=20 transmission and automatically enables (on the fly) the RS485 = transmitter.=20 Once a character is sent the hardware reverts back into a receive = mode in=20 about 1-2 microseconds (at least with R.E. Smith converters, = repeaters,=20 and remote I/O boards).

Any number of characters can be = sent, and=20 the transmitter will automatically re-trigger with each new = character (or=20 in many cases a "bit-oriented" timing scheme is used in = conjunction with=20 network biasing for fully automatic operation, including any Baud = rate=20 and/or any communications specification, eg. 9600,N,8,1). Once a = "slave"=20 unit is addressed it is able to respond immediately because of the = fast=20 transmitter turn-off time of the automatic device. It is NOT = necessary to=20 introduce long delays in a network to avoid "data collisions." = Because=20 delays are NOT required, networks can be constructed, that will = utilize=20 the data communications bandwidth with up to 100% through put.=20

Below are the specifications for RS232, RS423, RS422, and = RS485.=20 Please give us a call at 513-874-4796 = if=20 further information is required. We have solutions to most = problems that=20 are encountered in this area. Any comments and/or corrections = would be=20 appreciated.

Thanks, Ron Smith =

SPECIFICATIONS RS232 RS423 RS422 RS485
Mode of Operation SINGLE
-ENDED 		SINGLE
-ENDED		 DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line = (One=20 driver active at a time for RS485 networks) 1 DRIVER
1 RECVR		 1 DRIVER
10 RECVR 		1 DRIVER
10 RECVR 		32 DRIVER
32 RECVR
Maximum Cable Length 50 FT. 4000 FT. 4000 FT. 4000 FT.
Maximum Data Rate (40ft. - 4000ft. for=20 RS422/RS485) 20kb/s 100kb/s 10Mb/s-100Kb/s 10Mb/s-100Kb/s
Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-25V +/-6V -0.25V to +6V -7V to +12V
Driver Output Signal Level (Loaded Min.) Loaded +/-5V to +/-15V +/-3.6V +/-2.0V +/-1.5V
Driver Output Signal Level (Unloaded Max) Unloaded +/-25V +/-6V +/-6V +/-6V
Driver Load Impedance (Ohms) 3k to 7k >=3D450 100 54
Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power On N/A N/A N/A +/-100uA
Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power Off +/-6mA @ +/-2v +/-100uA +/-100uA +/-100uA
Slew Rate (Max.) 30V/uS Adjustable N/A N/A
Receiver Input Voltage Range +/-15V +/-12V -10V to +10V -7V to +12V
Receiver Input Sensitivity +/-3V +/-200mV +/-200mV +/-200mV
Receiver Input Resistance (Ohms), (1 = Standard=20 Load for RS485) 3k to 7k 4k min. 4k min. >=3D12k =

 Please call us at: 513-874-4796
 Contact=20 Information:
  R.E. Smith,  4311 R. E. Smith Dr., West Chester, Ohio=20 45069
 513-874-4796 Phone, 513-874-1236 Fax., rs485.com
=20  Go Back (Previous=20 view)
=20  Print Page (Select=20 Landscape)

 

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