From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11"
Subject: Making Voltage Doublers and Multipliers - Electric Circuit
Date: Fri, 12 Feb 2016 12:11:09 -0800
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<H1>Making Voltage Doublers and Multipliers</H1>
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<H1>Making Voltage Doublers And Multipliers</H1>
<H2>Find out how to construct an AC voltage doubler circuit. Extend it =
to a=20
tripler circuit and more.</H2><A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/_.html><B>home</B></A>=20
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href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/electric-circuit.html>electric=20
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href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/education.html>education</A></FONT>=20
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  <BR>A <B>voltage doubler</B> or <B>voltage multiplier</B> is a circuit =
easily=20
made from a few components which enables the voltage from an <B>AC</B> =
power=20
source to be increased. This is particularly useful in situations where =
the load=20
current is low, but a higher voltage than is provided by the AC source =
is=20
required. In addition these circuits <B><I>rectify</I></B> the AC volage =
to DC=20
votlage which can be used to power DC loads and charge =
batteries.<BR><BR>A=20
<B>voltage tripler</B> for example can be used to increase the voltage =
from a 6V=20
rated <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Sturmey-Archer-Dynohub.html>Sturmey Archer =

<B>Dynohub</B></A> (or other bicycle <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Dynamo-Hubs-For-Wind-Turbines.html>dynamo=20
hubs</A>) so that it can be used to charge a 12V Battery, or to do the =
same for=20
a low voltage <A=20
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Stepper-Motor-Basics.html><B>stepper =
motor</B></A>=20
wind turbine.<BR><BR>In this article we will put together and test a =
couple of=20
basic <B>voltage multipler circuits</B>. Links to online resources =
explaining=20
exactly <B>how</B> voltage multiplier circuits work are provided at the =
end of=20
the article for anyone who wants to find out more.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Doubler Circuit</H2>To make a <B>voltage doubler circuit</B> =
only=20
two <A=20
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-1000UF-CAPACITOR-16V.html><B>capacitors=
</B></A>=20
and two <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-1N4001.html><B>diodes</B></A> are=20
required costing pennies each. The <B>circuit diagram</B> is displayed=20
below:<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"317" height=3D"95" alt=3D"Simple =
voltage doubler circuit"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/simple-voltage-doubler-cirtuit.f31d.de
if"></DIV><BR>
<H2>Testing the Voltage Doubler</H2>A bicycle <B>bottle dynamo</B> was =
used as=20
the AC power source (see photo below). Since this is used to power two=20
incandescent light bulbs, it should certainly have enough power to =
provide=20
10-20mA of current to the LED we planned to use as the test =
<I>load</I>.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"214" height=3D"230" alt=3D"Bicycle =
dynamo used as AC power source"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/bicycle-dynamo.html></DIV><BR>Fi=
rst the=20
AC voltage of the dynamo was measured directly with a <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-MULTIMETER.html><B>multimeter</B></A>. =

Spinning the front wheel of the bicycle as quickly as possible by hand, =
the=20
maximum voltage reading recorded was 5.04 Volts =
<B>AC</B>.<BR><BR>Putting this=20
AC output voltage through a <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-W005.html>bridge=20
rectifier</A>, the maximum DC voltage was measured at 5.12 Volts DC. It =
is this=20
DC voltage we are interested in seeing increase using our <B>voltage =
doubler=20
circuit</B> since the doubler will also act as a rectifier converting =
the AC=20
voltage output by the dynamo into DC voltage.<BR><BR> The <B>voltage =
doubler</B>=20
was built using <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-BREADBOARD.html>prototyping=20
breadboard</A> as per the circuit diagram provided earlier in this =
article. The=20
wheel was spun rapidly by hand ten times and an average taken of the =
maximum=20
voltages recorded from each spin. This average was 10.12 Volts <B>DC</B> =
-=20
almost double that recorded using the <B>bridge rectifier</B> - showing =
that the=20
voltage <U>doubler</U> (5.12V to 10.12V) circuit was working.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Tripler</H2>A <B>voltage tripler</B> or other larger =
<B>voltage=20
multiplier</B> can be built simply by extending the voltage doubler =
circuit with=20
the addition of extra capacitors and diodes. One extra capacitor and one =
extra=20
diode are required for each increase in multiple - therefore a tripler =
has a=20
total of three capacitors and three diodes as shown below.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"361" height=3D"106" alt=3D"Voltage =
tripler circuit diagram"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/voltage-tripler-circuit-diagram.f322.d
gif"></DIV><BR>The=20
circuit above was built again on prototyping breadboard, the wheel spun =
ten=20
times, and the average maximum voltage recorded to be 13.64 Volts DC. =
Not quite=20
triple, but that <I>could</I> be due to the increased amount of =
<B>voltage=20
dropped</B> across the diodes in the circuit. Another alternative is =
that the=20
LED was using all of the available current and emptying the third =
capacitor=20
<I>C3</I> before it could reach the predicted 15 VDC. (Remember that =
every=20
increase in voltage is matched by a fall in current since the overall =
maximum=20
power output of the dynamo is fixed. See <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Ohms-Law.html>Ohm's=20
Law</A>)<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG alt=3D"Voltage tripler circuit on prototyping =
breadboard"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/voltage-tripler-circuit-on-bread%3d.f324
board.jpg"></DIV><BR>As=20
a final test, the 510 Ohm resistor (in series with the LED) was replaced =
with a=20
1,000 Ohm resistor to halve the current reaching the LED to see why the=20
<B>voltage tripler circuit</B> was falling short. The experiment was =
repeated=20
and the new average maximum voltage recorded was <B>14.84=20
Volts</B>.<BR><BR>Therefore the <B>voltage tripler</B> circuit was =
working=20
perfectly - the problem was insufficient power from the small bottle =
dynamo=20
reaching the LED. Had a larger dynamo been used a voltage of around 15 =
Volts DC=20
would have been recorded first time.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Multipliers</H2>Getting more multiples of voltage is simply =
a matter=20
of adding more capacitors and diodes to the existing tripler circuit =
until the=20
required voltage is reached. As further multiples are added the =
<B>voltage=20
rating of the capacitors</B> used must be considered - for example in a=20
<B>voltage quadrupler circuit</B>, the fourth capacitor would receive =
20V, so=20
16V-rated capactitors could not be used. In addition the power of the AC =
source=20
must be considered to calculate if enough current at the increased =
voltage will=20
be available for the load.<BR><BR>
<H2>Increasing Efficiency of Voltage Multipliers - Diode Choice</H2>The=20
<B>forward voltage drop</B> in a standard silicon diode such as the =
1N4001 we=20
used in our experiments is 0.6-0.7 Volts. This is not insignificant, and =
the=20
accumulated drops in voltage make a real difference to the final output =
voltage=20
from the multiplier as power is wasted (as dissipated heat) from the =
diodes. To=20
increase efficiency, it is better to use <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Germanium-Diodes.html><B>Germanium=20
diodes</B></A>, or easier to find <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/40-Amp-Blocking-Diode-1N1190A.html><B>Schot=
tky=20
Diodes</B></A> as these have a voltage drop of just 0.25-0.4V, halving =
the power=20
lost in the diodes compared to silicon diodes and therefore increasing =
the=20
output voltage.<BR><BR>
<H2>Find out More About Voltage Multipliers</H2>In this article we have =
not=20
covered the sometimes complicated theory involved in <B>voltage =
multipliers</B>.=20
If you are interested in finding out more then there are numerous online =

resources of which a few are listed below:<BR><BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.play-hookey.com/ac_theory/power_suppl/ps_v_multiplier%3d.f327.d
s.html"=20
target=3D"blank">Voltage Multipliers</A> from =
<I>play-hookey.com</I>.<BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.kronjaeger.com/hv/hv/src/mul/_%3d20.html
target=3D"blank">Basic Multiplier Circuits</A> - introduces the =
<B>Villard=20
cascade</B> (as seen in the voltage tripler above) and discusses the =
practical=20
limitations of voltage multipliers .<BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.coolcircuit.com/circuit/voltage/index.html
target=3D"blank">Voltage doubler, tripler, and quadrupler circuits</A> - =
from=20
<I>coolcircuit.com</I>.<BR><BR>And here is a video showing a <B>voltage=20
quadrupler</B> in action together with the circuit diagram, and a time =
lapse=20
showing its construction.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IFRAME width=3D"560" height=3D"315" =
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Making-Voltage-Doublers-and-Multipliers.f32a.delay
=20
frameborder=3D"0" allowfullscreen=3D""></IFRAME></DIV><BR><BR><BR>
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_uOsr[5]=3D"lycos";	_uOkw[5]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[6]=3D"ask";		_uOkw[6]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[7]=3D"altavista";	_uOkw[7]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[8]=3D"netscape";	_uOkw[8]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[9]=3D"cnn";	_uOkw[9]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[10]=3D"looksmart";	_uOkw[10]=3D"qt";=0A=
_uOsr[11]=3D"about";	_uOkw[11]=3D"terms";=0A=
_uOsr[12]=3D"mamma";	_uOkw[12]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[13]=3D"alltheweb";	_uOkw[13]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[14]=3D"gigablast";	_uOkw[14]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[15]=3D"voila";	_uOkw[15]=3D"rdata";=0A=
_uOsr[16]=3D"virgilio";	_uOkw[16]=3D"qs";=0A=
_uOsr[17]=3D"live";	_uOkw[17]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[18]=3D"baidu";	_uOkw[18]=3D"wd";=0A=
_uOsr[19]=3D"alice";	_uOkw[19]=3D"qs";=0A=
_uOsr[20]=3D"yandex";	_uOkw[20]=3D"text";=0A=
_uOsr[21]=3D"najdi";	_uOkw[21]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[22]=3D"aol";	_uOkw[22]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[23]=3D"club-internet"; _uOkw[23]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[24]=3D"mama";	_uOkw[24]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[25]=3D"seznam";	_uOkw[25]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[26]=3D"search";	_uOkw[26]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[27]=3D"wp";	_uOkw[27]=3D"szukaj";=0A=
_uOsr[28]=3D"onet";	_uOkw[28]=3D"qt";=0A=
_uOsr[29]=3D"netsprint";	_uOkw[29]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[30]=3D"google.interia";	_uOkw[30]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[31]=3D"szukacz";	_uOkw[31]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[32]=3D"yam";	_uOkw[32]=3D"k";=0A=
_uOsr[33]=3D"pchome";	_uOkw[33]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[34]=3D"kvasir";	_uOkw[34]=3D"searchExpr";=0A=
_uOsr[35]=3D"sesam";	_uOkw[35]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[36]=3D"ozu"; _uOkw[36]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[37]=3D"terra"; _uOkw[37]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[38]=3D"nostrum"; _uOkw[38]=3D"query";=0A=
_uOsr[39]=3D"mynet"; _uOkw[39]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[40]=3D"ekolay"; _uOkw[40]=3D"q";=0A=
_uOsr[41]=3D"search.ilse"; _uOkw[41]=3D"search_for";=0A=
_uOsr[42]=3D"bing"; _uOkw[42]=3D"q";=0A=
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//-- Auto/Organic Keywords to Ignore=0A=
var _uOno=3Dnew Array();=0A=
//_uOno[0]=3D"urchin";=0A=
//_uOno[1]=3D"urchin.com";=0A=
//_uOno[2]=3D"www.urchin.com";=0A=
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//-- Referral domains to Ignore=0A=
var _uRno=3Dnew Array();=0A=
//_uRno[0]=3D".urchin.com";=0A=
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//-- **** Don't modify below this point ***=0A=
var =
_uff,_udh,_udt,_ubl=3D0,_udo=3D"",_uu,_ufns=3D0,_uns=3D0,_ur=3D"-",_ufno=3D=
0,_ust=3D0,_ubd=3Ddocument,_udl=3D_ubd.location,_udlh=3D"",_uwv=3D"1.4";=0A=
var _ugifpath2=3D"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif";=0A=
if (_udl.hash) _udlh=3D_udl.href.substring(_udl.href.indexOf('#'));=0A=
if (_udl.protocol=3D=3D"https:") =
_ugifpath2=3D"https://ssl.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif";=0A=
if (!_utcp || _utcp=3D=3D"") _utcp=3D"/";=0A=
function urchinTracker(page) {=0A=
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 if (_udn && _udn!=3D"") { _udo=3D" domain=3D"+_udn+";"; }=0A=
 if (_utimeout && _utimeout!=3D"") {=0A=
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  if (_uanchor && _udlh && _udlh!=3D"") s=3D_udlh+"&";=0A=
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  if (a>=3D0) a=3D_uFixA(_ubd.cookie,";",_ust);=0A=
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  _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
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   xx=3D_uUES(xx);=0A=
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path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
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path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A=
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  var ua=3Dc.split("__utma=3D"+_udh+".")[1].split(";")[0].split(".");=0A=
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function _uGH() {=0A=
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function _uInfo(page) {=0A=
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 if (_udl.hostname && _udl.hostname!=3D"") =
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function _uVoid() { return; }=0A=
function _uCInfo() {=0A=
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c+=3D"utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(t2); }=0A=
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c=3D"utmccn=3D(direct)|utmcsr=3D(direct)|utmcmd=3D(none)"; }=0A=
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function _uRef() {=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uOrg(t) {=0A=
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   if ((i=3D_ur.indexOf("?"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1 || =
(i=3D_ur.indexOf("&"+_uOkw[ii]+"=3D")) > -1) {=0A=
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    }=0A=
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"utmccn=3D(organic)|utmcsr=3D"+_uEC(_uOsr[ii])+"|"+"utmctr=3D"+_uEC(k)+"|=
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}=0A=
function _uGCse() {=0A=
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}=0A=
function _uBInfo() {=0A=
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 var n=3Dnavigator;=0A=
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 if (n.language) { ul=3Dn.language.toLowerCase(); }=0A=
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 je=3Dn.javaEnabled()?1:0;=0A=
 if (_uflash) fl=3D_uFlash();=0A=
 if (_ubd.characterSet) cs=3D_uES(_ubd.characterSet);=0A=
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"&utmcs=3D"+cs+"&utmsr=3D"+sr+"&utmsc=3D"+sc+"&utmul=3D"+ul+"&utmje=3D"+j=
e+"&utmfl=3D"+fl;=0A=
}=0A=
function __utmSetTrans() {=0A=
 var e;=0A=
 if (_ubd.getElementById) e=3D_ubd.getElementById("utmtrans");=0A=
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e=3D_ubd.utmform.utmtrans;=0A=
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 var i,i2,c;=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtst=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtto=3D"+_uES(f[3]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmttx=3D"+_uES(f[4]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtsp=3D"+_uES(f[5]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtci=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtrg=3D"+_uES(f[7]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtco=3D"+_uES(f[8]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmtid=3D"+_uES(f[1]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmipc=3D"+_uES(f[2]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmiqt=3D"+_uES(f[6]);=0A=
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s+=3D"&utmhn=3D"+_uES(_udl.hostname);=0A=
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i2[ii].src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D=
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function _uFlash() {=0A=
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p=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"&__utmb=3D"+b+"&__utmc=3D"+c+"&__utmx=3D"+x+"&__utmz=3D=
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}=0A=
function __utmLinker(l,h) {=0A=
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}=0A=
function __utmLinkPost(f,h) {=0A=
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}=0A=
function __utmSetVar(v) {=0A=
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i2.src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D"+=
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c+=3D_uES("__utma=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
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c+=3D_uES("__utmx=3D"+t+";+");=0A=
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function _uHash(d) {=0A=
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function _uFixA(c,s,t) {=0A=
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function _uEC(s) {=0A=
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}=0A=
function __utmVisitorCode(f) {=0A=
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Array('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','J','K','L','M','N','P','R','S','T'=
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c[r>>28&m]+c[r>>23&m]+c[r>>18&m]+c[r>>13&m]+"-"+c[r>>8&m]+c[r>>3&m]+c[((r=
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}=0A=
function _uIN(n) {=0A=
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function _uES(s,u) {=0A=
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function _uUES(s) {=0A=
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function _uVG() {=0A=
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function _uSP() {=0A=
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function urchinPathCopy(p){=0A=
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function _uCO() {=0A=
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 var sc=3Ddocument.createElement('script');=0A=
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 sc.id=3D"_gasojs";=0A=
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sc.src=3D'https://'+d+'/analytics/reporting/overlay_js?gaso=3D'+_utk+'&'+=
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 document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(sc);  =0A=
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function _uGT() {=0A=
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var _utk=3D_uGT();=0A=
if (_utk && _utk!=3D"" && _utk.length>10 && _utk.indexOf("=3D")=3D=3D-1) =
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<H1>Making Voltage Doublers and Multipliers</H1>
<H2></H2><BR>
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<H1>Making Voltage Doublers And Multipliers</H1>
<H2>Find out how to construct an AC voltage doubler circuit. Extend it =
to a=20
tripler circuit and more.</H2><A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/_.html><B>home</B></A>=20
&gt; <FONT style=3D"font-size: 10pt;"><A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/electric-circuit.html>electric=20
circuit</A> | <A =
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<BR>
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  <BR>A <B>voltage doubler</B> or <B>voltage multiplier</B> is a circuit =
easily=20
made from a few components which enables the voltage from an <B>AC</B> =
power=20
source to be increased. This is particularly useful in situations where =
the load=20
current is low, but a higher voltage than is provided by the AC source =
is=20
required. In addition these circuits <B><I>rectify</I></B> the AC volage =
to DC=20
votlage which can be used to power DC loads and charge =
batteries.<BR><BR>A=20
<B>voltage tripler</B> for example can be used to increase the voltage =
from a 6V=20
rated <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Sturmey-Archer-Dynohub.html>Sturmey Archer =

<B>Dynohub</B></A> (or other bicycle <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Dynamo-Hubs-For-Wind-Turbines.html>dynamo=20
hubs</A>) so that it can be used to charge a 12V Battery, or to do the =
same for=20
a low voltage <A=20
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Stepper-Motor-Basics.html><B>stepper =
motor</B></A>=20
wind turbine.<BR><BR>In this article we will put together and test a =
couple of=20
basic <B>voltage multipler circuits</B>. Links to online resources =
explaining=20
exactly <B>how</B> voltage multiplier circuits work are provided at the =
end of=20
the article for anyone who wants to find out more.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Doubler Circuit</H2>To make a <B>voltage doubler circuit</B> =
only=20
two <A=20
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-1000UF-CAPACITOR-16V.html><B>capacitors=
</B></A>=20
and two <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-1N4001.html><B>diodes</B></A> are=20
required costing pennies each. The <B>circuit diagram</B> is displayed=20
below:<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"317" height=3D"95" alt=3D"Simple =
voltage doubler circuit"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/simple-voltage-doubler-cirtuit.f31d.de
if"></DIV><BR>
<H2>Testing the Voltage Doubler</H2>A bicycle <B>bottle dynamo</B> was =
used as=20
the AC power source (see photo below). Since this is used to power two=20
incandescent light bulbs, it should certainly have enough power to =
provide=20
10-20mA of current to the LED we planned to use as the test =
<I>load</I>.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"214" height=3D"230" alt=3D"Bicycle =
dynamo used as AC power source"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/bicycle-dynamo.html></DIV><BR>Fi=
rst the=20
AC voltage of the dynamo was measured directly with a <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-MULTIMETER.html><B>multimeter</B></A>. =

Spinning the front wheel of the bicycle as quickly as possible by hand, =
the=20
maximum voltage reading recorded was 5.04 Volts =
<B>AC</B>.<BR><BR>Putting this=20
AC output voltage through a <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-W005.html>bridge=20
rectifier</A>, the maximum DC voltage was measured at 5.12 Volts DC. It =
is this=20
DC voltage we are interested in seeing increase using our <B>voltage =
doubler=20
circuit</B> since the doubler will also act as a rectifier converting =
the AC=20
voltage output by the dynamo into DC voltage.<BR><BR> The <B>voltage =
doubler</B>=20
was built using <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/buy-BREADBOARD.html>prototyping=20
breadboard</A> as per the circuit diagram provided earlier in this =
article. The=20
wheel was spun rapidly by hand ten times and an average taken of the =
maximum=20
voltages recorded from each spin. This average was 10.12 Volts <B>DC</B> =
-=20
almost double that recorded using the <B>bridge rectifier</B> - showing =
that the=20
voltage <U>doubler</U> (5.12V to 10.12V) circuit was working.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Tripler</H2>A <B>voltage tripler</B> or other larger =
<B>voltage=20
multiplier</B> can be built simply by extending the voltage doubler =
circuit with=20
the addition of extra capacitors and diodes. One extra capacitor and one =
extra=20
diode are required for each increase in multiple - therefore a tripler =
has a=20
total of three capacitors and three diodes as shown below.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG width=3D"361" height=3D"106" alt=3D"Voltage =
tripler circuit diagram"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/voltage-tripler-circuit-diagram.f322.d
gif"></DIV><BR>The=20
circuit above was built again on prototyping breadboard, the wheel spun =
ten=20
times, and the average maximum voltage recorded to be 13.64 Volts DC. =
Not quite=20
triple, but that <I>could</I> be due to the increased amount of =
<B>voltage=20
dropped</B> across the diodes in the circuit. Another alternative is =
that the=20
LED was using all of the available current and emptying the third =
capacitor=20
<I>C3</I> before it could reach the predicted 15 VDC. (Remember that =
every=20
increase in voltage is matched by a fall in current since the overall =
maximum=20
power output of the dynamo is fixed. See <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Ohms-Law.html>Ohm's=20
Law</A>)<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IMG alt=3D"Voltage tripler circuit on prototyping =
breadboard"=20
src=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/voltage-tripler-circuit-on-bread%3d.f324
board.jpg"></DIV><BR>As=20
a final test, the 510 Ohm resistor (in series with the LED) was replaced =
with a=20
1,000 Ohm resistor to halve the current reaching the LED to see why the=20
<B>voltage tripler circuit</B> was falling short. The experiment was =
repeated=20
and the new average maximum voltage recorded was <B>14.84=20
Volts</B>.<BR><BR>Therefore the <B>voltage tripler</B> circuit was =
working=20
perfectly - the problem was insufficient power from the small bottle =
dynamo=20
reaching the LED. Had a larger dynamo been used a voltage of around 15 =
Volts DC=20
would have been recorded first time.<BR><BR>
<H2>Voltage Multipliers</H2>Getting more multiples of voltage is simply =
a matter=20
of adding more capacitors and diodes to the existing tripler circuit =
until the=20
required voltage is reached. As further multiples are added the =
<B>voltage=20
rating of the capacitors</B> used must be considered - for example in a=20
<B>voltage quadrupler circuit</B>, the fourth capacitor would receive =
20V, so=20
16V-rated capactitors could not be used. In addition the power of the AC =
source=20
must be considered to calculate if enough current at the increased =
voltage will=20
be available for the load.<BR><BR>
<H2>Increasing Efficiency of Voltage Multipliers - Diode Choice</H2>The=20
<B>forward voltage drop</B> in a standard silicon diode such as the =
1N4001 we=20
used in our experiments is 0.6-0.7 Volts. This is not insignificant, and =
the=20
accumulated drops in voltage make a real difference to the final output =
voltage=20
from the multiplier as power is wasted (as dissipated heat) from the =
diodes. To=20
increase efficiency, it is better to use <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/Germanium-Diodes.html><B>Germanium=20
diodes</B></A>, or easier to find <A =
href=3D_http_/www.reuk.co.uk/40-Amp-Blocking-Diode-1N1190A.html><B>Schot=
tky=20
Diodes</B></A> as these have a voltage drop of just 0.25-0.4V, halving =
the power=20
lost in the diodes compared to silicon diodes and therefore increasing =
the=20
output voltage.<BR><BR>
<H2>Find out More About Voltage Multipliers</H2>In this article we have =
not=20
covered the sometimes complicated theory involved in <B>voltage =
multipliers</B>.=20
If you are interested in finding out more then there are numerous online =

resources of which a few are listed below:<BR><BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.play-hookey.com/ac_theory/power_suppl/ps_v_multiplier%3d.f327.d
s.html"=20
target=3D"blank">Voltage Multipliers</A> from =
<I>play-hookey.com</I>.<BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.kronjaeger.com/hv/hv/src/mul/_%3d20.html
target=3D"blank">Basic Multiplier Circuits</A> - introduces the =
<B>Villard=20
cascade</B> (as seen in the voltage tripler above) and discusses the =
practical=20
limitations of voltage multipliers .<BR><A =
href=3D_http_/www.coolcircuit.com/circuit/voltage/index.html
target=3D"blank">Voltage doubler, tripler, and quadrupler circuits</A> - =
from=20
<I>coolcircuit.com</I>.<BR><BR>And here is a video showing a <B>voltage=20
quadrupler</B> in action together with the circuit diagram, and a time =
lapse=20
showing its construction.<BR><BR>
<DIV align=3D"center"><IFRAME width=3D"560" height=3D"315" =
src=3D_https_/googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/html/r2/r2015100%3d.f340.delaye
6/zrt_lookup.html"=20
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