From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: Help for Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter Date: Mon, 20 Jan 2014 10:30:09 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0052_01CF15CA.9842DE90" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.17609 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0052_01CF15CA.9842DE90 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file://C:\Users\R&D 1\Documents\Research\Power Supplies\Help for Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter.htm Help for Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter=20 =20 =20 =20 =20

Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter

How to use the program

Reference: The shapes of current and voltage = curves are=20 calculated using Faraday's Law. They do not represent an incremental = simulation=20 like it is done normally by programs like P-Spice. In the calculations = the=20 forward voltages of the diodes are considered with V_F = =3D 0.7V,=20 and the transistors are interpreted as ideal switches. =20

The values of all input fields can be changed. =20
If an input field is left empty, a default value is chosen. This = value is =20 displayed after leaving the input field in question. =20
The switch mode power supply operates within a certain input range = i.e. =20 between V_{in_min} and =20 V_{in_max}.
Note: =20
- For the european mains of 230V +/-10% and behind the rectifier = and the =20 smoothing (with a voltage ripple of 10%) the input voltage range = is=20 between V_{in_min} =3D 250V and = V_{in_max}=20 =3D 360V. =20
- For wide range Switch Mode Power Supplies the input voltage = range of the=20 mains is from 100Vac -10% (Japan) to 240Vac +6% (Great Britain). = In this=20 case, the DC input range of the power supply is from =20 V_{in_min} =3D110V to V_{in_max} = =3D360V. =20
- For use of a power factor pre-regulator the input voltage range = is =20 normally from V_{in_min} =3D360V to = V_{in_max} =20 =3D400V.
The program needs the output values V_out and =20 I_out. =20
The switching frequency f is the operating = frequency of=20 the transistor. =20
If the field "proposal" is activated for the inductor L, a = value =20 for L and the corresponding current ripple = ΔI_L is =20 proposed. These values are laid out such that = ΔI_L =3D =20 0.4I_out with V_{in_max} as the input = voltage.=20 =20
If the field "proposal" for the input field =20 "N₁/N₂" is activated, the = turns =20 ratio N₁/N₂ is proposed. This = suggestion =20 is chosen such that the required output voltage can be achieved using = =20 V_{in_min} as an input voltage. =20
If you do not agree with our proposals, you can change =20 N₁/N₂ or L as well as =20 ΔI_L. The field "proposal" is then deactivated = automatically.=20 =20
The value V_in is the value for the calculation = of the =20 current and voltage diagrams on the right side of the display. =20 V_in must lie between V_{in_min} and = =20 V_{in_max}.

Top= =20 of page

Application

The=20 Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter belongs to the primary switched=20 converter family since there is isolation between input and output. It = is=20 suitable for output powers up to 1kW. =20

Top= =20 of page

Function principals

=20

Illustration 1: = Half-Bridge=20 Push-Pull = Converter

For the=20 following analysis it will be assumed that the transistor is simplified = as an=20 ideal switch and the diode has no forward voltage drop. In the program = itself,=20 the diode will take into account a forward voltage drop = V_F =3D=20 0.7V.=20

The Push-Pull converter drives the high-frequency transformer with an = AC=20 voltage, where the negative as well as the positive half swing = transfers=20 energy. The capacitor-bridge generates, in its centre point, a voltage = of =BD =20 V_in.
The primary transformer voltage = V₁=20 can be +=BD V_in, -=BD V_in or = zero=20 depending on whether the upper transistor, the lower transistor or = neither is=20 on.
On the secondary side, the AC voltage is rectified, so that =20 V₃ is a pulse-width-modulated voltage which switches = between=20 = =BD=B7V_in=B7(N₂/N₁)= and zero.=20 Due to the rectification, the pulse-frequency of V₃ = is equal=20 to 2=B7 f .
The Low-Pass filter, formed by the = inductor =20 L and the output capacitor C_out, produces the = average=20 value of V₃. For continuous mode = (I_L never=20 becomes zero) this leads to:=20

3D"Eqn

The Duty cycle=20 of this converter may theoretically increase to 100%. In practice this = is not=20 possible because the serial connected transistors, T₁ = and=20 T₂, have to be switched with a time difference to = avoid a=20 short circuit of the input supply.=20

Due to the fact that the duty cycle t₁/T can = theoretically increase to 100%, it follows for the turns ratio that:=20

3D"Eqn

In the program,=20 this value is multiplied by a factor of 0.95, so that the proposed = value for=20 N₁/N₂ includes a small margin which=20 guarantees the demagnetisation of the core, when the input voltage is = minimal,=20 (remember: at minimum input voltage the duty cycle reaches its = maximum).=20

For the allocation of the inductor L, the = same rules=20 as for the Buck=20 Converter can be used. One also distinguishes between = discontinuous=20 and continuous mode, depending on whether or not the inductor = current=20 falls to zero during the on-time of the transistor.=20

During continuous operation:=20

3D"Eqn

In continuous mode the output voltage depends only on the duty = cycle and =20 the input voltage, it is load independent.

The inductor = current =20 I_L has a triangular shape and its average value is = determined=20 by the load. The change in inductor current ΔI_L = is dependent=20 on L and can be calculated with the help of Faraday's = Law.
During=20 continuous mode, with V_out =3D V_in = =B7=20 (N₂/N₁) =B7t₁/T = and a=20 chosen switching frequency f it can be shown that:=20

3D"Eqn

The change in inductor current is load independent. The output = current =20 I_out is taken to be the average value of the = inductor =20 current I_L.

For a small load current, = namely if =20 I_out < ΔI_L/2, the current = will fall to=20 zero during every period. This is what is known as discontinuous = mode.=20 In this case the calculations stated above are no longer valid.
In = that=20 moment, when the inductor current becomes zero, the voltage=20 V₃ jumps to the value of V_out. The = diode=20 junction capacitance of the secondary rectifier forms a resonant = circuit with=20 the inductance, which is activated by the voltage jump at the = rectifier. The=20 voltage V₃ then oscillates and fades away.=20

Continuous = Mode

Discontinuous =20 Mode

Illustration 2: Operating modes = of the=20 Half-Bridge Push-Pull Converter

Top= =20 of page

Tips

The larger the chosen value of the inductor L, the smaller = the =20 current ripple ΔI_L. However this results in a = physically =20 larger and heavier inductor. =20
The higher the chosen value of the switching frequency =20 f , the smaller the size of the inductor. However = the =20 switching losses of the transistor also become larger as = f =20 increases. =20
The smallest possible physical size for the inductor is achieved = when =20 ΔI_L =3D 2I_out at = V_{in_max}. =20 However, the switching losses at the transistors are at their highest = in this=20 state. =20
Choose ΔI_L so that it is not too big. The = suggestions =20 proposed by us have adequately small current ripple along with = physically =20 small inductor size. With a larger current ripple, the voltage ripple = of the =20 output voltage V_out becomes clearly bigger while the = =20 physical size of the inductor decreases marginally. =20
It is best not to alter the turns ratio =20 N₁/N₂ proposed by us. =

Top= =20 of page

Mathematics used in the program

The following parameters must be = entered=20 into the input fields:=20

V_{in_min}, V_{in_max}, =20 V_out, I_out and =20 f =20

Using these parameters, the program produces a proposal for =20 N₁/N₂ and L: =20

₁

_out

For the calculation of the = curve-shapes, and=20 also for the calculation of "ΔI_L for =20 V_{in_max}", two cases have to be distinguished, i.e. =20 continuous mode and discontinuous mode:=20

3D"Eqn

3D"Eqn

From this it follows = that: =20

For ΔI_L< 2I_out = the converter=20 is in continuous mode and it follows that:
For ΔI_L> 2I_out = the converter=20 is in discontinuous mode and it follows that:

=20

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Main = page \| =20 =20	Ho= w=20 to use the program \| =20	Function=20 principals \| =20	M= athematics=20 used in the program \| =20	Help = for HF transformer
Top of page \| =20	Application = ; \|=20 =20	Ti= ps &= nbsp; \|=20 =20	Literature = =20 Notes =20 \| = =20	Help=20 for choking coils =20